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REFERENCES ON NOCTILUCENT CLOUDS / POLAR MESOSPHERIC CLOUDS

Avaste, O. et al., Advances in noctilucent cloud research in the space era, Pure Appl. Geophys, 18, 525-580, 1980.

Bailey, S. M., Merkel, A. W., Thomas, G. E., Carst ens, J. N., 2005. Observations of polar mesospheric clouds by the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Baumgarten, G., K.H. Fricke and G. von Cossart, 2002, Investigation of the shape of noctilucent cloud particles by polarization lidar technique, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(13), 1630, 10.1029/2001GL013877.

Berger, U. and U. von Zahn, 1999, The two-level structure of the mesopause: A model study, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D18) 22083-22093.

Berger, U. and U. von Zahn, 2002, Icy particles in the summer mesopause region: Three-dimensional modeling of their environment and two-dimensional modeling of their transport, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A11), 1366, doi:10.1029/2001JA000316, 2002.

Burton, S. P., Thomason, L. W., 2000. Polar mesospheric clouds in SAGE II Version 6.0 data. Proc. Quadrennial Ozone Symp., Sapporo, Japan, Int. Ozone Comm., pp. 325-326

Carbary, J. F., G. J. Romick, D. Morrison, L. J. Paxton, and C. I. Meng, Altitudes of polar mesospheric clouds observed by a middle ultraviolet imager, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 10089, 1999.

Carbary, J. F., Morrison, D., Romick, G. J., 2001. Hemispheric comparison of PMC altitudes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 725-728.

Carbary, J.F., D. Morrison and G.J. Romick, 2002, Particle characteristics from the spectra of polar mesospheric clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), 4686, doi:10.1029/2001JD001154.

Carbary, J.F., D. Morrison and G.J. Romick, 2003, Ultraviolet imaging and spectrographic imaging of polar mesospheric clouds, Adv. Sp. Res., 31(9), 2091-2096.

Carbary, J. F., Morrison, D., Romick, G. J., 2004. Evidence for bimodal particle distribution from the spectra of polar mesospheric clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L13108, doi:10.1029/2004GL20101.

Carbary, J. F., D. Morrison, and G. J. Romick, Maps of polar mesospheric clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D8), 8446, doi:10.1029/2002JD002255, 2003.

Chandran, A., D. W. Rusch, G. E. Thomas, S. E. Palo, G. Baumgarten, E. J. Jensen, and A. W. Merkel (2012), Atmospheric gravity wave effects on polar mesospheric clouds: A comparison of numerical simulations from CARMA 2D with AIM observations, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D20104, doi:10.1029/2012JD017794.

Chu, X., Gardner, C. S., Pappen, G., Lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds at the South Pole: Diurnal variations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 1937-1940, 2001.

Chu, X., C.S. Gardner and G. Paper, 2001, Lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds at south pole: Seasonal variations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(7), 1203-1206.

Chu, X, C. S. Gardner, and R. G. Roble, Lidar studies of interannual, seasonal, and diurnal variations of polar mesospheric clouds at the south pole, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D8), doi:10.1029/2002JD2524, 2003.

Chu, X. et al., Lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds at Rothera, Antarctica (67.5 S, 68.0 W), Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L02114, doi:10.1029/2003GL018638, 2004.

Debrestian, D. J., J. D. Lumpe, E. P. Shettle, R. M. Bevilacqua, J. J. Olivero, J. S. Hornstein, W. Glaccum, D. W. Rusch, C. E. Randall, and M. D. Fromm, An analysis of POAM II solar occultation observations of polar mesospheric clouds in the southern hemisphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1971- 1981, 1997.

DeLand, M. T., E. P. Shettle, G. E. Thomas, and J. J. Olivero, Solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV) observations of polar mesospheric clouds over two solar cycles, J.Geophys. Res. 108(D8), 8445, doi:10.1029/2002JD002398, 2003.

DeLand, M. T., Shettle, E. P., Thomas, G. E., Olivero, J. J., 2005. Spectral measurements of PMCs from SBUV/2 instruments. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys.,in press.

DeLand, M.T., Shettle, E.P., Thomas, G.E. and J.J. Olivero, A quarter-century of satellite PMC observations, submitted to J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 2005.\

Donahue, T. M., Guenther, B., Blamont, J. E., 1972. Noctilucent clouds in daytime: Circumpolar particulate layers near the summer mesopause. J. Atmos. Sci. 30, 515-517.

Espy, P. J., J. Stegmann, and G. Witt, Interannual variations of the quasi-16-day oscillation in the polar summer mesosphere temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1983-1990, 1997.

Espy, P.J. and H. Jutt, Equilibrium temperature of water-ice aerosols in the high-latitude summer mesosphere, J. Atm. Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 64, 1823-1832, 2002.

Espy, P.J. et al., Seasonal variations of the gravity wave momentum flux in the Antarctic mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 109(D23109), doi:10.1029/2003JD004446, 2004.

Evans, W.F.J. , L.R. Laframboise, K.R. Sine, R.H. Wiens and G.G. Shepherd, Observation of polar mesospheric clouds in summer, 1993 by the WINDII instrument on UARS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2793-2796, 1995.

Fiedler, J., Baumgarten, G., von Cossart, G., 2003. Noctilucent clouds above ALOMAR between 1997 and 2001: Occurrence and properties. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 8453, doi:10.1029/2002JD002419.

Fogle, B., The climatology of noctilucent clouds according to observations made from North America during 1964-1966, Met. Mag., 97(1152), 193-204.

Fogle, B. and B. Haurwitz, Noctilucent Clouds, Space Sci. Rev., 6, 279-340, 1966.

Fogle, B., Haurwitz, B., 1973. Long term variations in noctilucent cloud activity and their possible cause. Climatological Research, Fraedrich, K., Hantel, M., Claussen Korf, H., Ruprecht, E. (Eds.), Bonner Meteorologische Abhandlungen, pp. 263-273.

Fritts, D.C., J.R. Isler, G.E. Thomas, and O. Andreassen, Wave breaking signatures in noctilucent clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2039-2042, 1993.

Fritts, D.C. et al., Observations of extreme temperature and wind gradients near the summer mesopause during the MaCWAVE/MIDAS rocket campaign, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(L24S06), doi:10.1029/2003GL019389.

Gadsden, M., Noctilucent clouds, Space Sci. Rev., 33, 279-334, 1982.

Gadsden, M. and W. Schroder, Noctilucent Clouds, 165 pp., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1989.

Gadsden, M. A secular change in noctilucent cloud occurrence, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 247-251, 1990.

Gadsden, M. and M. J. Taylor, Measurements of noctilucent cloud heights: a benchmark for changes in the mesosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys, 56, 461-466, 1994.

Gadsden, M. Observations of noctilucent clouds from North-West Europe, Annales Geophysicae, 3, 119-126, 1985.

Gadsden, M. and M. J. Taylor, Anweisungen fur die photographischen aufnahmen der Lauchtenden Nachtwolken - 102 years on, Journ. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 56, 447, 1993.

Gadsden, M., 1998. The North-West Europe data on noctilucent clouds: a survey. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 60, 1163-1174.

Gadsden, M., Noctilucent clouds seen at 60 N: origin and development, J. Atm. Solar-Terr. Physics, 60, 1763-1772, 1998.

Gadsden, M., 2000. Polar mesospheric clouds seen from geostationary orbit. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 62, 31-36.

Gadsden, M., Structure of polar mesospheric clouds seen from a geostationary satellite, Adv. Space Res., 27(10), 1697-1702, 2001.

Gadsden, M., 2002. Statistics of the annual counts of nights on which NLCs were seen. Memoirs Brit. Astron. Assoc. 45, Mesospheric Clouds 2002, Gadsden, M., James, N. D. (Eds.), presented at the meeting in Perth, Scotland.

Garcia, R. R., 1989. Dynamics, radiation, and photochemistry in the mesosphere: Implications for the formation of noctilucent clouds. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 14,605-14,616.

Gavine, D., 2002. Noctilucent clouds: the amateur contribution. Memoirs Brit. Astron. Assoc. 45, Mesospheric Clouds 2002, Gadsden, M., James, N. D. (Eds.), presented at the meeting in Perth, Scotland.

Gerrard, A. J., Kane, T. J., Thayer, J. P., Eckermann, S. D., 2004. Concerning the upper stratospheric gravity wave and mesospheric cloud relationship over Sondrestrom, Greenland. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 66, 229-240.

Goldberg, R. A., et al., 2001. DROPPS: A study of the polar summer mesosphere with rocket, radar and lidar. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1407-1410.

Gore, A., Earth in the Balance : Ecology and the Human Spirit, Houghton-Mifflin, N. Y., 368 pp, 1992.

Gumbel, J. and G. Witt, In situ measurements of the vertical structure of a noctilucent cloud, Geophys. Res. Lett, 25(4), 493-496, 1998.

Gumbel, J. et al., Influences of ice particles on the ion chemistry of the polar summer mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D8), 8436, doi:10.1029/2002JD002413, 2003.

Haurwitz, B., and B. Fogle, Waveforms in noctilucent clouds, Deep Sea Res.,16, 85-95, 1969.

Hervig, M., R. E. Thompson, M. McHugh, L. L. Gordley, J. M. Russell, M. E. Summers, First confirmation that water ice is the primary component of polar mesospheric clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 971-974, 2001.

Hervig, M. Siskind, D., 2005. Decadal and inter-hemispheric variability in polar mesospheric clouds, water vapor, and temperature. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys.

Hervig, M. E., D. E. Siskind, M. H. Stevens, and L. E. Deaver, Inter-hemispheric comparison of PMCs and their environment from SOFIE observations, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., in press, 2012.

Hervig, M., McHugh, M., Summers, M. E., 2003. Water vapor enhancement in the polar summer mesosphere and its relationship to polar mesospheric clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, doi:10.1029/2003GL018089.

Hoffner, J., C. Fricke-Begemann and F.-J. Lubken, First observations of noctilucent clouds by lidar at Svalbard, 78 N, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1101-1111, 2003.

Hummel, . J. R. ,Contributions to polar albedo from a mesospheric aerosol layer, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 1893-1900 (1977).

Hunten, D. M., Turco, R. P., Toon, O. B., 1980. Smoke and dust particles of meteoric origin in the mesosphere and stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 1342-1357.

Jensen, E., G.E. Thomas, and B.B. Balsley, On the statistical correlation between polar mesospheric cloud occurrence and enhanced mesosphere radar echoes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 315-318, 1988.

Jensen, E., and G. E. Thomas, A growth-sedimentation model of Polar Mesospheric Clouds: Comparison with SME measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 2461-2473, 1988.

Jensen, E., Thomas, G. E., Toon, O. B., 1989. On the diurnal variation of noctilucent clouds. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 14,693-14,702.

Jensen, E.J., A numerical model of polar mesospheric cloud formation and evolution, PhD thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 176pp., 1989

Jensen, E.J. and G.E. Thomas, Charging of mesospheric particles: implications for electron density and particle coagulation, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 18,603-18,615, 1991.

Jensen, E. J., and G. E. Thomas, Numerical simulations of the effects of gravity waves on noctilucent clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3421-3430, 1994.

Kalashnikova, M. Horanyi, G.E. Thomas, and O.B. Toon, Meteoric smoke production in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 27, No. 20, 3293-3296, 2000

Kirkwood, S., V. Barabash, B. U. E. Brändstrom, A. Moström, K. Stebel, N. Mitchell, and W. Hocking, Noctilucent clouds, PMSE, and 5-day planetary waves: a case study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29 (10), 10.1029/2001GL014022, 2002.

Kirkwood and Stebel, The influence of planetary waves on noctilucent cloud occurrence over NW Europe, , J. Geophys. Res., 108(D8), 8440, doi:10.1029/2002JD002357, 2003.

Kirkwood, S., and K. Stebel, Influence of Planetary waves on noctilucent cloud occurrence over NW Europe, J. Geophys. Res, 108(D8), 8440, doi:10.1029/2002JD002356, 2003.

Klostermeyer, J., Effect of tidal variability on the mean diurnal variation of noctilucent clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D9), 9749-9755, 2001.

Klostermeyer, J., 2002. Noctilucent clouds getting brighter. J. Geophys. Res. 107(D17), 4195, doi:10.1029/2001JD001345.

Kopp, E., C.R. Philbrick, G.E.Thomas, and G. Witt, Super Camp: A research project to investigate the polar middle atmosphere in summer with rocket launches from 65°-80° N., ESA, SP-229, 125-136, 1985.

Körner, U. and G. R. Sonnemann, Global three-dimensional modeling of the water vapor concentration of the mesosphere-mesopause region and implications with respect to the noctilucent cloud region, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 9639-9651, 2001.

Lawrence, G.M., G.E. Thomas, R.A. Kohnert and J.W. Westfall, An ultraviolet imaging polarimeter for observing polar mesospheric clouds, International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE), 2266, 232-241, 1994.

Leslie, R. J., Sky Glows, Nature, 33, 245, 1885.

Lübken, F.-J. and U. von Zahn, Thermal structure of the mesopause region at polar latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20,841-20,857, 1991.

Lübken, F.-J., Seasonal variation of turbulent energy dissipation rates at high latitudes as determined by in situ measurements of neutral density fluctuations, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D12), 13441-13456, 1997.

Lübken, F-J., Thermal structure of the arctic summer mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D8), 9135-9149, 1999.

Lübken, F.-J., 2000. Nearly zero temperature trend in the polar summer mesosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 3603-3606

Lübken, F.-J. and A. Mullemann, First in situ temperature measurements in the summer mesosphere at very high latitudes (78 N), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D8), 8448, doi:10.1029/2002JD002414, 2003.

Luo, Z., D.C. Fritts, R.W. Portmann and G.E. Thomas, Dynamical and radiative forcing of the summer mesopause circulation and thermal structure, part II: seasonal variations, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3129-3138, 1995

Luo, Z., D.C. Fritts and G.E. Thomas, Forcing of the middle atmosphere by variable wave fluxes, part I: impulsive momentum sources (submitted), J. Atmos. Sci., 1996.

McHugh, M., Hervig, M., Magill, B., Thompson, R. E., Remsberg, E., Wrotny, J., Russell, J., 2003. Improved mesospheric temperature, water vapor, and polar mesospheric cloud extinctions from HALOE. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(8), 1440, doi:10.1029/2002GL016859.

McKay, C.P., and G.E. Thomas, Consequences of a past encounter of the earth with an interstellar cloud, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 215-218, 1978

Memmesheimer, M. and P. W. Blum, Seasonal and latitudinal changes in atmospheric conditions favouring the formation of polar mesospheric clouds, Phys. Scr., 37, 178-184 (1988).

Merkel, A. W., C. A. Barth, and S. M. Bailey, Altitude determination of ultraviolet measurements made by the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer, J. Geophys. Res., 106, A12, 30, 283, 2001.

Merkel, A. W., Dynamical influences on polar mesospheric clouds observed from the student nitric oxide explorer, Dissertation, University of Colorado, 2002.

Merkel, A. W., G. E. Thomas, S. E. Palo, and S. M. Bailey, Observations of the 5-day planetary wave in PMC measurements from the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer Satellite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (4), 10.1029/2002GL016524, 2003.

Mills, M. J., O. B. Toon, and G. E. Thomas (2005), Mesospheric sulfate aerosol layer, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D24208, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006242.

Murray, B. J. and J. M. C. Plane, The uptake of atomic oxygen on ice films: Implications for noctilucent clouds, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 4129-4138, 2003.

Olivero, J. J., and G. E. Thomas, Climatology of Polar Mesospheric Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1263, 1986.

Olivero, J.J., and G.E.Thomas, Clouds of the polar middle atmosphere, Physica Scripta, T18, 276-280, 1987.

Olivero, J. J., Thomas, G. E., 2001. Evidence for changes in greenhouse gases in the mesosphere. Adv. Space. Res. 28, 931-936.

O'Neil, R. R., Richards, E. N., Humphrey, C. H., Stair, A. T., Gardner, M. E., 2001. MSX: Infrared emission from polar mesospheric clouds. Eos Trans. AGU 82, Spring Meeting Suppl., abstract SA31B-11.

Ostdiek, V.J., and G.E. Thomas, Visible spectra and chromaticity of noctilucent clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20,347-20,356, 1993.

Petelina, S. V., Degenstein, D. A., Llewellyn, E. J., Lloyd, N. D., 2003. Two years of PMC observations with OSIRIS on Odin. Eos Trans. AGU 84(47), Fall Meeting Suppl., abstract SA42A-06.

Philbrick, C. R., J. Barnett, R. Gerndt, D. Offermann, W. R. Pendleton, Jr., P. Schlyter, J. F.Schmidlion, and G. Witt,Temperature measurements during the CAMP cam­paign, Adv. Space Res., 4, 4,153-156, 1984.

Portmann, R.W., The heat budget and global change in the mesosphere, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 187p. 1994

Portmann, R.W., G. E. Thomas, S. Solomon and R.R. Garcia, The importance of dynamical feedbacks on doubled CO2 induced changes in the thermal structure of the mesosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1733-1736, 1995.

Rapp, M., F.-J. Lübken, and A. Müllemann, Small-scale temperature variations in the vicinity of NLC: Experimental and model results, J. Geophys. Res.. 107(D19), 4392, doi:10.1029/2001JD001241, 2002.

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Thomas, G. E., R. D McPeters, and E. J. Jensen, Satellite observations of polar mesospheric clouds by the SBUV Radiometer: Evidence of a solar-cycle dependence, J. Geophys. Res.., 96, 927-939, 1991.

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