@article{ DasinreviewEaSSVoVOMbtSI,
	author = "S. Das and S. M. Bailey and M. E. Hervig and B. Thurairajah and B. T. Marshall",
	journal = "Earth and Space Science",
	title = "Validation of Version 1.3 Ozone Measured by the SOFIE Instrument,",
	year = "[in review]"
}

@article{ DasinreviewJoGRSSWCRotSMaLT,
	author = "S. Das and S. M. Bailey and M. E. Hervig and B. Thurairajah and B. T. Marshall",
	journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research",
	title = "Sudden Stratospheric Warming-Triggered Composition Response of the Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Lower Thermosphere",
	year = "[in review]"
}

@article{ ThurairajahinreviewJoGRATRotQDWotOoPMCSitNH,
	author = "B. Thurairajah and S. M. Bailey and V. L. Harvey and C. E. Randall and J. A. France",
	journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres",
	title = "The Role of the Quasi 5-Day Wave on the Onset of Polar Mesospheric Cloud Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere",
	year = "[in review]"
}

@article{ Bailey-2022-JoGRSP-SROoNOitPN,
	author = {Scott M. Bailey and William E. McClintock and Justin N. Carstens and Brentha Thurairajah and Saswati Das and Cora E. Randall and V. Lynn Harvey and David E. Siskind and Michael H. Stevens and Karthik Venkataramani},
	doi = {10.1029/2021ja030257},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {jun},
	number = {6},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Sounding Rocket Observation of Nitric Oxide in the Polar Night},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021ja030257},
	volume = {127},
	year = "2022"
}

@article{ Broman-2022-TADMaO-CSoaLMFiPMC,
	author = {Lina Broman and Brentha Thurairajah and Susanne Benze and Ole Martin Christensen and Jörg Gumbel},
	doi = {10.16993/tellusa.31},
	journal = {Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography},
	number = {2022},
	pages = {85--105},
	publisher = {Stockholm University Press},
	title = {Case Study of a Large Mesospheric Front in Polar Mesospheric Clouds},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.16993%2Ftellusa.31},
	volume = {74},
	year = "2022"
}

@article{ Hervig-2022-JoGRSP-DaAViMFFUWaSO,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and David Malaspina and Veerle Sterken and Lynn B. Wilson and Silvan Hunziker and Scott M. Bailey},
	doi = {10.1029/2022ja030749},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {oct},
	number = {10},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Decadal and Annual Variations in Meteoric Flux From Ulysses, Wind, and {SOFIE} Observations},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2022ja030749},
	volume = {127},
	year = "2022"
}

@article{ Korshunov-2022-AaOO-IitABRitLMitaIEoTMwtRM,
	author = {V. A. Korshunov and D. S. Zubachev},
	doi = {10.1134/s102485602204008x},
	journal = {Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics},
	month = {aug},
	number = {4},
	pages = {366--370},
	publisher = {Pleiades Publishing Ltd},
	title = {Increase in the Aerosol Backscattering Ratio in the Lower Mesosphere in 2019{\textendash}2021 and Its Effect on Temperature Measurements with the Rayleigh Method},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1134%2Fs102485602204008x},
	volume = {35},
	year = "2022"
}

@article{ Liu-2022-GRL-PLoEGWDitUMRFSO,
	author = {Xiao Liu and Jiyao Xu and Jia Yue and Masaru Kogure},
	doi = {10.1029/2021gl097038},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {mar},
	number = {5},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Persistent Layers of Enhanced Gravity Wave Dissipation in the Upper Mesosphere Revealed From {SABER} Observations},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021gl097038},
	volume = {49},
	year = "2022"
}

@misc{ Maute2022ENTIPMCDS,
	author = "Astrid Maute",
	journal = "EOS(Editor's Highlight)",
	month = "apr",
	title = "New Technique Improves Polar Mesospheric Cloud Data Set",
	url = "https://eos.org/editor-highlights/new-technique-improves-polar-mesospheric-cloud-data-set",
	year = "2022"
}

@article{ Miao-2022-JoGRA-ACSoMNCaIRttSGWOTIL,
	author = {Jiaxuan Miao and Haiyang Gao and Leilei Kou and Yehui Zhang and Yan Li and Zhigang Chu and Lingbing Bu and Zhen Wang},
	doi = {10.1029/2022jd036912},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {sep},
	number = {17},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {A Case Study of Midlatitude Noctilucent Clouds and Its Relationship to the Secondary-Generation Gravity Waves Over Tropopause Inversion Layer},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2022jd036912},
	volume = {127},
	year = "2022"
}

@article{ Schmölter-2022-JoGRSP-THDIRtSE,
	author = {Erik Schmölter and Frank Heymann and Christian {von Savigny} and Jens Berdermann},
	doi = {10.1029/2021ja030118},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {The Height-Dependent Delayed Ionospheric Response to Solar {EUV}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021ja030118},
	volume = {127},
	year = "2022"
}

@article{ Shalimov-2022-PPR-OtIoDIoCAiPoNC,
	author = {S. Shalimov and A. Kozlovskii},
	doi = {10.1134/s1063780x22040122},
	journal = {Plasma Physics Reports},
	month = {apr},
	number = {4},
	pages = {384--390},
	publisher = {Pleiades Publishing Ltd},
	title = {On the Issue of Drift Instability of Charged Aerosols in Plasma of Noctilucent Clouds},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1134%2Fs1063780x22040122},
	volume = {48},
	year = "2022"
}

@article{ Stevens-2022-EaSS-NMMCFObAIVDbST,
	author = {Michael H. Stevens and Cora E. Randall and Justin N. Carstens and David E. Siskind and John P. McCormack and David D. Kuhl and Manbharat S. Dhadly},
	doi = {10.1029/2022ea002217},
	journal = {Earth and Space Science},
	month = {jun},
	number = {6},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Northern Mid-Latitude Mesospheric Cloud Frequencies Observed by {AIM}/{CIPS}: Interannual Variability Driven by Space Traffic},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2022ea002217},
	volume = {9},
	year = "2022"
}

@article{ Tanaka-2022-ACaP-Foiptnitm,
	abstract = { Abstract. Observations of polar mesospheric clouds have revealed the presence of solid ice particles in the upper mesosphere at high latitudes; however, their formation mechanism remains uncertain. In this study, we investigated the formation process of ice particles through nucleation from small amounts of water vapor at low temperatures. Previous studies that used classical nucleation theory have shown that amorphous solid water particles can nucleate homogeneously at conditions that are present in the mesosphere. However, the rate predictions for water in classical nucleation theory disagree with experimental measurements by several orders of magnitude. We adopted a semi-phenomenological model for the nucleation process, which corrects the evaluation of the molecular cluster formation energy using the second virial coefficient, which agrees with both experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. To calculate the nucleation process, we applied atmospheric conditions for the temperature, pressure, numerical density of dust grains, and cooling rate. The results indicate that homogeneous water nucleation is extremely unlikely to occur in the mesosphere, while heterogeneous nucleation occurs effectively. Dust grains generated by meteor ablation can serve as nuclei for heterogeneous nucleation. We also showed that the ice can form directly in a crystalline state, rather than an amorphous state. },
	author = {Kyoko K. Tanaka and Ingrid Mann and Yuki Kimura},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-22-5639-2022},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {apr},
	number = {8},
	pages = {5639--5650},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Formation of ice particles through nucleation in the mesosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-22-5639-2022},
	volume = {22},
	year = "2022"
}

@article{ Alexandre-2021-JoGRA-AHaSCoTtMGP,
	author = {D. Alexandre and B. Thurairajah and S. L. England and C. Y. Cullens},
	doi = {10.1029/2021jd034990},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {sep},
	number = {18},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {A Hemispheric and Seasonal Comparison of Tropospheric to Mesospheric Gravity-Wave Propagation},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021jd034990},
	volume = {126},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Bailey-2021-JoAaSP-Titpsmtapafso,
	author = {Scott M. Bailey and Brentha Thurairajah and Mark E. Hervig and David E. Siskind and James M. Russell and Larry L. Gordley},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2021.105650},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {105650},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Trends in the polar summer mesosphere temperature and pressure altitude from satellite observations},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2021.105650},
	volume = {220},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Danilov-2021-GaA-SAAotSoTitUaMA,
	author = {A. D. Danilov and N. A. Berbeneva},
	doi = {10.1134/s0016793221040046},
	journal = {Geomagnetism and Aeronomy},
	month = {jul},
	number = {4},
	pages = {578--588},
	publisher = {Pleiades Publishing Ltd},
	title = {Some Applied Aspects of the Study of Trends in the Upper and Middle Atmosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1134%2Fs0016793221040046},
	volume = {61},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Dong-2021-JoGRA-MRoPMCtGWaIDaILM,
	author = {Wenjun Dong and David C. Fritts and Gary E. Thomas and Thomas S. Lund},
	doi = {10.1029/2021jd034643},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {jul},
	number = {13},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Modeling Responses of Polar Mesospheric Clouds to Gravity Wave and Instability Dynamics and Induced Large-Scale Motions},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021jd034643},
	volume = {126},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Gerding-2021-JoAaSP-OtubafncisaNG,
	author = {Michael Gerding and Gerd Baumgarten and Marius Zecha and Franz-Josef Lübken and Kathrin Baumgarten and Ralph Latteck},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2021.105577},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {105577},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {On the unusually bright and frequent noctilucent clouds in summer 2019 above Northern Germany},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2021.105577},
	volume = {217},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Harvey-2021-JoGRA-ToNOVLCSItTotPV,
	author = {V. Lynn Harvey and Seebany Datta-Barua and Nicholas M. Pedatella and Ningchao Wang and Cora E. Randall and David E. Siskind and Willem E. van Caspel},
	doi = {10.1029/2020jd034523},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {may},
	number = {11},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Transport of Nitric Oxide Via Lagrangian Coherent Structures Into the Top of the Polar Vortex},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020jd034523},
	volume = {126},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Hervig-2021-JoGRA-NGMSOFSIRCCMIaHA,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and John M. C. Plane and David E. Siskind and Wuhu Feng and Charles G. Bardeen and Scott M. Bailey},
	doi = {10.1029/2021jd035007},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {jul},
	number = {13},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {New Global Meteoric Smoke Observations From {SOFIE}: Insight Regarding Chemical Composition, Meteoric Influx, and Hemispheric Asymmetry},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021jd035007},
	volume = {126},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Hozumi-2021-JoGRA-HMoPMCOFtHGMS,
	author = {Yuta Hozumi and Takuo T. Tsuda and Keisuke Hosokawa and Yoshiaki Ando and Hidehiko Suzuki and Takeshi Murata and Takuji Nakamura},
	doi = {10.1029/2021jd035081},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {oct},
	number = {19},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Horizontal Movement of Polar Mesospheric Clouds Observed From the Himawari-8 Geostationary Meteorological Satellite},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021jd035081},
	volume = {126},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Lübken-2021-JoAaSP-LttomilAms,
	author = {Franz-Josef Lübken and Gerd Baumgarten and Uwe Berger},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105378},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {105378},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Long term trends of mesopheric ice layers: A model study},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2020.105378},
	volume = {214},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Mane-2021-JoAaSP-SoavddmsoJ,
	author = {Pratibha B. Mane and Dhairyasheel B. Mane},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105511},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {105511},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Study of aerosol vertical distribution during meteor showers of January 2009},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2020.105511},
	volume = {213},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Mangan-2021-JoGRP-TPoWIWFiCCitMoMVaE,
	author = {T. P. Mangan and J. M. C. Plane and B. J. Murray},
	doi = {10.1029/2020je006796},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {The Phase of Water Ice Which Forms in Cold Clouds in the Mesospheres of Mars, Venus, and Earth},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020je006796},
	volume = {126},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ McCormack-2021-ACaP-IomamaftNHwt,
	abstract = { Abstract. Detailed meteorological analyses based on observations extending through the middle atmosphere (u223cu200915 to 100u2009km altitude) can providenkey information to whole atmosphere modeling systems regarding the physical mechanisms linking day-to-day changes in ionospheric electron densitynto meteorological variability near the Earth's surface. However, the extent to which independent middle atmosphere analyses differ in theirnrepresentation of wave-induced coupling to the ionosphere is unclear. To begin to address this issue, we present the first intercomparison amongnfour such analyses, JAGUAR-DAS, MERRA-2, NAVGEM-HA, and WACCMX+DART, focusing on the Northern Hemisphere (NH) 2009u20132010 winter, which includes anmajor sudden stratospheric warming (SSW). This intercomparison examines the altitude, latitude, and time dependences of zonal mean zonal winds andntemperatures among these four analyses over the 1u00a0December 2009 to 31u00a0March 2010 period, as well as latitude and altitude dependences of monthly meannamplitudes of the diurnal and semidiurnal migrating solar tides, the eastward-propagating diurnal zonal wave number 3u00a0nonmigrating tide, andntraveling planetary waves associated with the quasi-5u2009d and quasi-2u2009d Rossby modes. Our results show generally good agreement among the fournanalyses up to the stratopause (u223cu200950u2009km altitude). Large discrepancies begin to emerge in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere owingnto (1)u00a0differences in the types of satellite data assimilated by each system and (2)u00a0differences in the details of the global atmospheric modelsnused by each analysis system. The results of this intercomparison provide initial estimates of uncertainty in analyses commonly used to constrainnmiddle atmospheric meteorological variability in whole atmosphere model simulations. },
	author = {John P. McCormack and V. Lynn Harvey and Cora E. Randall and Nicholas Pedatella and Dai Koshin and Kaoru Sato and Lawrence Coy and Shingo Watanabe and Fabrizio Sassi and Laura A. Holt},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-21-17577-2021},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {dec},
	number = {23},
	pages = {17577--17605},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Intercomparison of middle atmospheric meteorological analyses for the Northern Hemisphere winter 2009{\textendash}2010},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-21-17577-2021},
	volume = {21},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ NesseTyssoy2021JoGRSPHIIEoEPIEIRDaGAPiA,
	author = {H. {Nesse Tyss{\o}y} and M. Sinnhuber and T. Asikainen and S. Bender and M. A. Clilverd and B. Funke and M. van de Kamp and J. M. Pettit and C. E. Randall and T. Reddmann and C. J. Rodger and E. Rozanov and C. Smith-Johnsen and T. Sukhodolov and P. T. Verronen and J. M. Wissing and O. Yakovchuk},
	doi = {10.1029/2021ja029128},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {dec},
	number = {1},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {{HEPPA} {III} Intercomparison Experiment on Electron Precipitation Impacts: 1. Estimated Ionization Rates During a Geomagnetic Active Period in April 2010},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021ja029128},
	volume = {127},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Okui-2021-JoGRA-FoaMILatSESAWtMSSWi,
	author = {Haruka Okui and Kaoru Sato and Dai Koshin and Shingo Watanabe},
	doi = {10.1029/2021jd034681},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {sep},
	number = {18},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Formation of a Mesospheric Inversion Layer and the Subsequent Elevated Stratopause Associated With the Major Stratospheric Sudden Warming in 2018/19},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021jd034681},
	volume = {126},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Perot2021JoAaSPIotmSoFaJotmanoa,
	author = {Kristell P{\'{e}}rot and Yvan J. Orsolini},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2021.105586},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {105586},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Impact of the major {SSWs} of February 2018 and January 2019 on the middle atmospheric nitric oxide abundance},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2021.105586},
	volume = {218},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Rudraswami2021MaPSEdaasobicttofdpp,
	author = {N. G. Rudraswami and M. Pandey and M. J. Genge and D. Fernandes and Donald Brownlee},
	doi = {10.1111/maps.13764},
	journal = {Meteoritics and Planetary Science},
	month = {nov},
	note = "Meteoritics {\&}amp$\mathsemicolon$ Planetary Science",
	number = {12},
	pages = {2175--2190},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	title = {Extraterrestrial dust as a source of bioavailable iron contributing to the ocean for driving primary productivity},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmaps.13764},
	volume = {56},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Schneider-2021-ACaP-Aoommilapbat,
	abstract = { Abstract. We analyse aerosol particle composition measurements from five research missions between 2014 and 2018 to assess the meridional extent of particlesncontaining meteoric material in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). Measurements from the Jungfraujoch mountaintop site and anlow-altitude aircraft mission show that meteoric material is also present within middle- and lower-tropospheric aerosol but within only a very smallnproportion of particles. For both the UTLS campaigns and the lower- and mid-troposphere observations, the measurements were conducted with single-particle laser ablation mass spectrometers with bipolar-ion detection, which enabled us to measure the chemical composition of particles in a diameternrange of approximately 150u2009nm to 3u2009u00b5m. The five UTLS aircraft missions cover a latitude range from 15 to 68u2218u2009N,naltitudes up to 21u2009km, and a potential temperature range from 280 to 480u2009K. In total, 338u2009363 single particles were analysed, ofnwhich 147u2009338 were measured in the stratosphere. Of these total particles, 50u2009688 were characterized by high abundances of magnesium and iron,ntogether with sulfuric ions, the vast majority (48u2009610) in the stratosphere, and are interpreted as meteoric material immersed or dissolved withinnsulfuric acid. It must be noted that the relative abundance of such meteoric particles may be overestimated by about 10u2009% to 30u2009% due to thenpresence of pure sulfuric acid particles in the stratosphere which are not detected by the instruments used here. Below the tropopause, the observednfraction of the meteoric particle type decreased sharply with 0.2u2009%u20131u2009% abundance at Jungfraujoch, and smaller abundancesn(0.025u2009%u20130.05u2009%) were observed during the lower-altitude Canadian Arctic aircraft measurements. The size distribution of the meteoric sulfuricnparticles measured in the UTLS campaigns is consistent with earlier aircraft-based mass-spectrometric measurements, with only 5u2009%u201310u2009%nfractions in the smallest particles detected (200u2013300u2009nm diameter) but with substantial (>u200940u2009%) abundance fractions for particlesnfrom 300u2013350 up to 900u2009nm in diameter, suggesting sedimentation is the primary loss mechanism. In the tropical lower stratosphere, only ansmall fraction (<u200910u2009%) of the analysed particles contained meteoric material. In contrast, in the extratropics the observed fraction ofnmeteoric particles reached 20u2009%u201340u2009% directly above the tropopause. At potential temperature levels of more than 40u2009K above thenthermal tropopause, particles containing meteoric material were observed in much higher relative abundances than near the tropopause, and, at thesenaltitudes, they occurred at a similar abundance fraction across all latitudes and seasons measured. Above 440u2009K, the observed fraction of meteoricnparticles is above 60u2009% at latitudes between 20 and 42u2218u2009N. Meteoric smoke particles are transported from the mesosphere into thenstratosphere within the winter polar vortex and are subsequently distributed towards low latitudes by isentropic mixing, typically below a potential temperature of 440u2009K. By contrast, the findings from the UTLS measurements show that meteoric material is found in stratosphericnaerosol particles at all latitudes and seasons, which suggests that either isentropic mixing is effective also above 440u2009K or that meteoricnfragments may be the source of a substantial proportion of the observed meteoric material. },
	author = {Johannes Schneider and Ralf Weigel and Thomas Klimach and Antonis Dragoneas and Oliver Appel and Andreas Hünig and Sergej Molleker and Franziska Köllner and Hans-Christian Clemen and Oliver Eppers and Peter Hoppe and Peter Hoor and Christoph Mahnke and Martina Krämer and Christian Rolf and Jens-Uwe Groo{\ss} and Andreas Zahn and Florian Obersteiner and Fabrizio Ravegnani and Alexey Ulanovsky and Hans Schlager and Monika Scheibe and Glenn S. Diskin and Joshua P. DiGangi and John B. Nowak and Martin Zöger and Stephan Borrmann},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-21-989-2021},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {jan},
	number = {2},
	pages = {989--1013},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Aircraft-based observation of meteoric material in lower-stratospheric aerosol particles between 15 and 68{\textdegree}{\hspace{0.167em}}N},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-21-989-2021},
	volume = {21},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Siskind-2021-ACaP-Tatsotdomtcatsswese,
	abstract = { Abstract. We use the Specified Dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Extended (SD-WACCMX) tonmodel the descent of nitric oxide (NO) and other mesospheric tracers in the extended, elevated stratopausenphase of the 2013 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW). The dynamics are specified with a high-altitude version of the Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM-HA). Consistent with our earlier published results, we find that using a high-altitude meteorological analysis to nudge WACCMX allows for a realistic simulation of the descentnof lower-thermospheric nitric oxide down to the lower mesosphere, near 60u2009km. This is important because these simulations only included auroral electrons and did not consider additional sources of NO from higher-energynparticles that might directlynproduce ionization, and hence nitric oxide, below 80u201385u2009km. This suggests that thenso-called energetic particlenprecipitation indirect effect (EPP-IE) can be accurately simulated, at least in years of low geomagneticnactivity, such as 2013, without the need for additional NO production, provided the meteorology is accuratelynconstrained. Despite the general success of WACCMX in bringing upper-mesospheric NO down to 55u201360u2009km, a detailed comparisonnof the WACCMX fields with the analyzed NAVGEM-HA H2O and satellite NO and H2O data from the SolarnOccultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE) and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment-Fourier TransformnSpectrometer (ACE-FTS)nreveals significant differences in the latitudinal and longitudinal distributionsnat lower altitudes.nThis stems from the tendency for WACCMX descent to maximize at sub-polar latitudes, and while such sub-polar descent is seen in the NAVGEM-HA analysis, it is more transient than in the WACCMX simulation. These differencesnare linked to differences in the transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) circulation between NAVGEM-HA and WACCMX, most likely arising from differences in how gravity wave forcing is represented.nTo attempt to compensate for the differing distributionsnof model vs. observed NO and to enable us to quantify the total amount of upper-atmospheric NO delivered to the stratopause region, we use potential vorticity and equivalent latitude coordinates.nPreliminary results suggest both model and observations are generally consistent with NO totalsnin the range of 0.1u20130.25 gigamoles (GM). },
	author = {David E. Siskind and V. Lynn Harvey and Fabrizio Sassi and John P. McCormack and Cora E. Randall and Mark E. Hervig and Scott M. Bailey},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-21-14059-2021},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {sep},
	number = {18},
	pages = {14059--14077},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Two- and three-dimensional structures of the descent of mesospheric trace constituents after the 2013 sudden stratospheric warming elevated stratopause event},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-21-14059-2021},
	volume = {21},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Stude-2021-AMT-Anrimswlmridafr,
	abstract = { Abstract. We present a novel rocket-borne ion mass spectrometer named ROMARA (ROcket-borne MAss spectrometer for Research in the Atmosphere) for measuring atmospheric positive and negative ions (atomic, molecular and cluster ions) and positively and negatively charged meteor smoke particles. Our ROMARA instrument has, compared to previous rocket-borne ion mass spectrometers, a markedly larger mass range of up to m/zu00a02000 and a larger sensitivity, particularly for meteor smoke particle detection. The major objectives of this first ROMARA flight included the following: a functional test of the ROMARA instrument, measurements between 55 and 121u2009km in the mass range of atmospheric positive and negative ions, a first attempt to conduct mass spectrometric measurements in the mass range of meteor smoke particles with mass-to-charge ratios up to m/zu00a02000, and measurements inside a polar mesospheric winter echo layer as detected by ground-based radar. Our ROMARA measurements took place on the Arctic island of Andu00f8ya, Norway, at around noon in Aprilu00a02018 and represented an integral part of the polar mesospheric winter radar echo (PMWE) rocket campaign. During the rocket flight, ROMARA was operated in a measurement mode, offering maximum sensitivity and the ability to qualitatively detect total ion signatures even beyond its mass-resolving mass range. On this first ROMARA flight we were able to meet all of our objectives. We detected atmospheric species including positive atomic, molecular and cluster ions along with negative molecular ions up to about m/zu00a0100. Above m/zu00a02000, ROMARA measured strong negative-ion signatures, which are likely due to negatively charged meteor smoke particles. },
	author = {Joan Stude and Heinfried Aufmhoff and Hans Schlager and Markus Rapp and Frank Arnold and Boris Strelnikov},
	doi = {10.5194/amt-14-983-2021},
	journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
	month = {feb},
	number = {2},
	pages = {983--993},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {A novel rocket-borne ion mass spectrometer with large mass range: instrument description and first-flight results},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-14-983-2021},
	volume = {14},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Thurairajah-2021-JoAaSP-CoamfoiPMCf,
	author = {Brentha Thurairajah and Chihoko Y. Cullens and Scott M. Bailey},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2021.105627},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {105627},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Characteristics of a mesospheric front observed in Polar Mesospheric Cloud fields},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2021.105627},
	volume = {218},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Wilson-2021-RoG-AQColSD,
	author = {Lynn B. Wilson and Alexandra L. Brosius and Natchimuthuk Gopalswamy and Teresa Nieves-Chinchilla and Adam Szabo and Kevin Hurley and Tai Phan and Justin C. Kasper and No{\'{e}} Lugaz and Ian G. Richardson and Christopher H. K. Chen and Daniel Verscharen and Robert T. Wicks and Jason M. TenBarge},
	doi = {10.1029/2020rg000714},
	journal = {Reviews of Geophysics},
	month = {may},
	number = {2},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {A Quarter Century of $\less$i$\greater$Wind$\less$/i$\greater$ Spacecraft Discoveries},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020rg000714},
	volume = {59},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Yiugit2021GRLDSGWAitMTObMaIfAE,
	author = {Erdal Yi{\u{g}}it and Alexander S. Medvedev and Mehdi Benna and Bruce M. Jakosky},
	doi = {10.1029/2020gl092095},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {mar},
	number = {5},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Dust Storm-Enhanced Gravity Wave Activity in the Martian Thermosphere Observed by {MAVEN} and Implication for Atmospheric Escape},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020gl092095},
	volume = {48},
	year = "2021"
}

@misc{ Yue-2021-PWaTIotMTaI,
	author = {Jia Yue and Ruth Lieberman and Loren C. Chang},
	doi = {10.1002/9781119815631.ch10},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {183--216},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	title = {Planetary Waves and Their Impact on the Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Ionosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119815631.ch10},
	year = "2021"
}

@article{ Chen2020JoSSAitRotMaUAiC,
	author = "Chen, Zeyu and Chen, Hongbin and Xu, Jiyao and Huang, Kaiming and Xue, Xianghui and Hu, Dingzhu and Chen, Wen and Yang, Guotao and Tian, Wenshou and Hu, Yongyun and Xia, Yan",
	doi = "10.11728/cjss2020.05.856",
	journal = "Journal of Space Science",
	number = "5",
	pages = "856-874",
	title = "Advances in the Researches of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere in China",
	volume = "40",
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Cui-2020-GRL-NOAitMTaIDV,
	author = {J. Cui and M.-H. Fu and Z.-P. Ren and H. Gu and J.-H. Guo and X.-S. Wu and Z.-P. Wu and H.-R. Lai and Y. Wei},
	doi = {10.1029/2020gl087252},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {apr},
	number = {9},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Nitric Oxide Abundance in the Martian Thermosphere and Its Diurnal Variation},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020gl087252},
	volume = {47},
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Dalin-2020-JoGRA-ULTiMTAEaNC,
	author = {P. Dalin and V. Perminov and N. Pertsev and V. Romejko},
	doi = {10.1029/2019jd030814},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {mar},
	number = {5},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Updated Long-Term Trends in Mesopause Temperature, Airglow Emissions, and Noctilucent Clouds},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019jd030814},
	volume = {125},
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Dalin-2020-AG-Sooncanaismalmd,
	abstract = { Abstract. The Stratospheric Observations of Noctilucent Cloudsn(SONC) experimental campaign was conducted on the night of 5u20136u00a0Julyu00a02018 with the aim ofnphotographing noctilucent clouds (NLCs) and studying their large-scalenspatial dynamics at scales of 100u20131450u2009km. An automated high-resolutionncamera (equipped with a wide-angle lens) was lifted by a stratosphericnsounding balloon to 20.4u2009km altitude above the Moscow region in Russian(u223c56u2218u2009N, 41u2218u2009E), taking several hundredsnof NLC images during the flight that lasted 1.7u2009h.u00a0The combination of anhigh-resolution camera and large geographic coverage (u223c1500u2009km) has provided a unique technique of NLC observations from thenstratosphere, which is impossible to currently achieve from either thenground or space. We have estimated that a horizontal extension of the NLCnfield as seen from the balloon was about 1450u00d7750u2009km, whereas it was aboutn800u00d7550u2009km as seen from the ground. The NLC field was located in a coldnarea of the mesopause (136u2013146u2009K), which was confirmed by satellitenmeasurements. The southernmost edge of the NLC field was modulated by partialnice voids of 150u2013250u2009km in diameter. A medium-scale gravity wave had anwavelength of 49.4u00b12.2u2009km and an amplitude of 1.9u00b10.1u2009km. Thenfinal state of the NLC evolution was represented by thin parallel gravitynwave stripes. Balloon-borne observations provide new horizons in studies ofnNLCs at various scales from metres to thousands of kilometres. Here we present anreview paper on our experiment describing the initial results. Detailed studiesnon the time evolution of the cloud movements will be done in the future. },
	author = {Peter Dalin and Nikolay Pertsev and Vladimir Perminov and Denis Efremov and Vitaly Romejko},
	doi = {10.5194/angeo-38-61-2020},
	journal = {Annales Geophysicae},
	month = {jan},
	number = {1},
	pages = {61--71},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Stratospheric observations of noctilucent clouds: a new approach in studying middle- and large-scale mesospheric dynamics},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fangeo-38-61-2020},
	volume = {38},
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Guharay-2020-EPaS-SotdoitMtairwsrall,
	abstract = { Abstract The modulation of the dominant atmospheric tides (i.e. diurnal, semidiurnal and terdiurnal) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) is investigated using long-term meteor wind database from three Southern hemispheric low-latitude locations, Su00e3o Jou00e3o do Cariri (7.4u00b0 S, 36.5u00b0 W), Cachoeira Paulista (22.7u00b0 S, 45u00b0 W) and Santa Maria (29.7u00b0 S, 53.7u00b0 W). The spectral analysis reveals an evident and intermittent signature of a 27-day oscillation in the tidal amplitudes. Relationship between the 27-day tidal modulation in the MLT and solar rotation is looked into utilizing solar UV flux (Lyman-u03b1) that indicates a conspicuous linkage of the tides with the solar short-term variability. The strong correlation between the solar variability and tidal modulation in the concerned period with positive lags at certain intervals may indicate predominate solar influence on the MLT tides. Potential involvement of the lower, middle and upper atmospheric dynamics and chemistry to support the observed oscillation feature is deemed plausible. },
	author = {Amitava Guharay and Paulo Prado Batista and Ricardo Arlen Buriti and Nelson Jorge Schuch},
	doi = {10.1186/s40623-020-01149-7},
	journal = {Earth, Planets and Space},
	month = {apr},
	number = {1},
	publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
	title = {Signature of the 27-day oscillation in the {MLT} tides and its relation with solar radiation at low latitudes},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40623-020-01149-7},
	volume = {72},
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Gumbel-2020-ACaP-TMsmtgwsbMATaS,
	abstract = { Abstract. Global three-dimensional data are a key to understandingngravity waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. MATS (MesosphericnAirglow/Aerosol Tomography and Spectroscopy) is a new Swedish satellitenmission that addresses this need. It applies space-borne limb imaging inncombination with tomographic and spectroscopic analysis to obtain gravitynwave data on relevant spatial scales. Primary measurement targets arenO2 atmospheric band dayglow and nightglow in the near infrared, andnsunlight scattered from noctilucent clouds in the ultraviolet. Whilentomography provides horizontally and vertically resolved data, spectroscopynallows analysis in terms of mesospheric temperature, composition, and cloudnproperties. Based on these dynamical tracers, MATS will produce anclimatology on wave spectra during a 2-year mission. Major scientificnobjectives include a characterization of gravity waves and their interaction with larger-scale waves and mean flow in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, as well as their relationship to dynamical conditions in the lower and upper atmosphere. MATS is currently being prepared to be ready for a launch in 2020. This paper provides an overview of scientific goals, measurement concepts, instruments, and analysis ideas. },
	author = {Jörg Gumbel and Linda Megner and Ole Martin Christensen and Nickolay Ivchenko and Donal P. Murtagh and Seunghyuk Chang and Joachim Dillner and Terese Ekebrand and Gabriel Giono and Arvid Hammar and Jonas Hedin and Bodil Karlsson and Mikael Krus and Anqi Li and Steven McCallion and Georgi Olent{\v{s}}enko and Soojong Pak and Woojin Park and Jordan Rouse and Jacek Stegman and Georg Witt},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-20-431-2020},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {jan},
	number = {1},
	pages = {431--455},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {The {MATS} satellite mission {\textendash} gravity wave studies by Mesospheric Airglow/Aerosol Tomography and Spectroscopy},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-20-431-2020},
	volume = {20},
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Kjellstrand-2020-EaSS-TPTBMtMGWaTiPMCCTaSP,
	author = {Carl Bjorn Kjellstrand and Glenn Jones and Christopher Geach and Bifford P. Williams and David C. Fritts and Amber Miller and Shaul Hanany and Michele Limon and Jason Reimuller},
	doi = {10.1029/2020ea001238},
	journal = {Earth and Space Science},
	month = {aug},
	number = {8},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {The {PMC} Turbo Balloon Mission to Measure Gravity Waves and Turbulence in Polar Mesospheric Clouds: Camera, Telemetry, and Software Performance},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020ea001238},
	volume = {7},
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Li-2020-GRL-SOoGWRttMOFtSttLTiTaE,
	author = {Jintai Li and Xian Lu},
	doi = {10.1029/2020gl091014},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {nov},
	number = {23},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {{SABER} Observations of Gravity Wave Responses to the Madden-Julian Oscillation From the Stratosphere to the Lower Thermosphere in Tropics and Extratropics},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020gl091014},
	volume = {47},
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Nair-2020-IJoRS-SdomoatraobMobE,
	author = {Prabha R. Nair and M. Kavitha},
	doi = {10.1080/01431161.2020.1779376},
	journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
	month = {aug},
	number = {21},
	pages = {8380--8405},
	publisher = {Informa {UK} Limited},
	title = {Stratospheric distribution of methane over a tropical region as observed by {MIPAS} on board {ENVISAT}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01431161.2020.1779376},
	volume = {41},
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Plougonven-2020-QJotRMS-Hdkoagwgtp,
	author = {Riwal Plougonven and Alvaro la C{\'{a}}mara and Albert Hertzog and Fran{\c{c}}ois Lott},
	doi = {10.1002/qj.3732},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	month = {feb},
	number = {728},
	pages = {1529--1543},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	title = {How does knowledge of atmospheric gravity waves guide their parameterizations?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fqj.3732},
	volume = {146},
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Rong-2020-JoAaSP-ACPtwpraafa,
	author = {P.P. Rong and J. Yue and J.M. Russell and J.D. Lumpe and D.E. Siskind and C.E. Randall},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105394},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {105394},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {{AIM} {CIPS} {PMC} tracking wind product retrieval approach and first assessment},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2020.105394},
	volume = {209},
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Rong-2020-ACaP-Romattthscaaoyomlsd,
	abstract = { Abstract. This work focuses on studying the presence and characteristics of 27u2009d solar signatures in middle atmospheric temperature observed by the microwave limb sounder (MLS) on NASA's Aura spacecraft. The 27u2009d signatures in temperature are extracted using the superposed epoch analysis (SEA) technique. We use time-lagged linear regression (sensitivity analysis) and a Monte Carlo test method (significance test) to explore the dependence of the results on latitude and altitude, solar activity, and season, as well as on different parameters (e.g., smoothing filter, window width and epoch centers). Using different parameters does impact the results to a certain degree, but it does not affect the overall results. Analyzing the 13-year data set shows that highly significant 27u2009d solar signatures in middle atmospheric temperature are present at many altitudes and latitudes. A tendency to higher temperature sensitivity to solar forcing in the winter hemisphere compared to the summer hemisphere is found. In addition, the sensitivity of temperature to 27u2009d solar forcing tends to be larger at high latitudes than at low latitudes. For 11-year solar minimum conditions no statistically significant identification of a 27u2009d solar signature is possible at most altitudes and latitudes. Several results we obtained suggest that processes other than solar variability drive atmospheric temperature variability at periods around 27u2009d. Comparisons of the obtained sensitivity values with earlier experimental and model studies show good overall agreement. },
	author = {Piao Rong and Christian {von Savigny} and Chunmin Zhang and Christoph G. Hoffmann and Michael J. Schwartz},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-20-1737-2020},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {feb},
	number = {3},
	pages = {1737--1755},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Response of middle atmospheric temperature to the 27{\hspace{0.167em}}d solar cycle: an analysis of 13 years of microwave limb sounder data},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-20-1737-2020},
	volume = {20},
	year = "2020"
}

@incollection{ Savigny-2020-NCGPaRS,
	author = {Christian {von Savigny} and Gerd Baumgarten and Franz-Josef Lübken},
	booktitle = {Physics and Chemistry of the Arctic Atmosphere},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-33566-3_8},
	pages = {469--503},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	title = {Noctilucent Clouds: General Properties and Remote Sensing},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-33566-3_8},
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Solodovnik-2020-JoAaSP-Sotiotfotfoncbacm,
	author = {A.A. Solodovnik and P.I. Leontyev and P. Dalin},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105224},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {105224},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Studies of the influence of tropospheric factors on the formation of noctilucent clouds by a cartographic method},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2020.105224},
	volume = {200},
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Song-2020-ACaP-Pogwaieopfiasswe,
	abstract = { Abstract. Effects of realistic propagation of gravity waves (GWs) on distribution of GW pseudomomentum fluxes are explored using a global ray-tracing model for the 2009 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event. Four-dimensional (4D; xu2013z and t) and two-dimensional (2D; z and t) results are compared for various parameterized pseudomomentum fluxes. In ray-tracing equations, refraction due to horizontal wind shear and curvature effects are found important and comparable to one another in magnitude. In the 4D, westward pseudomomentum fluxes are enhanced in the upper troposphere and northern stratosphere due to refraction and curvature effects around fluctuating jet flows. In the northern polar upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere, eastward pseudomomentum fluxes are increased in the 4D. GWs are found to propagate more to the upper atmosphere in the 4D, since horizontal propagation and change in wave numbers due to refraction and curvature effects can make it more possible that GWs elude critical level filtering and saturation in the lower atmosphere. GW focusing effects occur around jet cores, and ray-tube effects appear where the polar stratospheric jets vary substantially in space and time. Enhancement of the structure of zonal wave numberu00a02 in pseudomomentum fluxes in the middle stratosphere begins from the early stage of the SSW evolution. An increase in pseudomomentum fluxes in the upper atmosphere is present even after the onset in the 4D. Significantly enhanced pseudomomentum fluxes, when the polar vortex is disturbed, are related to GWs with small intrinsic group velocity (wave capture), and they would change nonlocally nearby large-scale vortex structures without substantially changing local mean flows. },
	author = {In-Sun Song and Changsup Lee and Hye-Yeong Chun and Jeong-Han Kim and Geonhwa Jee and Byeong-Gwon Song and Julio T. Bacmeister},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-20-7617-2020},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {jul},
	number = {12},
	pages = {7617--7644},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Propagation of gravity waves and its effects on pseudomomentum flux in a sudden stratospheric warming event},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-20-7617-2020},
	volume = {20},
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Stephan-2020-JoGRA-OGWPDSSW,
	author = {C. C. Stephan and H. Schmidt and C. Zülicke and V. Matthias},
	doi = {10.1029/2019jd031528},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {jan},
	number = {1},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Oblique Gravity Wave Propagation During Sudden Stratospheric Warmings},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019jd031528},
	volume = {125},
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Thurairajah-2020-JoGRA-TRoVaOPGWiItPSM,
	author = {Brentha Thurairajah and Chihoko Yamashita Cullens and David E. Siskind and Mark E. Hervig and Scott M. Bailey},
	doi = {10.1029/2020jd032495},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {may},
	number = {9},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {The Role of Vertically and Obliquely Propagating Gravity Waves in Influencing the Polar Summer Mesosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020jd032495},
	volume = {125},
	year = "2020"
}

@article{ Aylett-2019-ACaP-Opomsa,
	abstract = { Abstract. Accurate determination of the optical properties of analogues for meteoricnsmoke particles (MSPs), which are thought to be composed of iron-rich oxidesnor silicates, is important for their observation and characterization in thenatmosphere. In this study, a photochemical aerosol flow system (PAFS) hasnbeen used to measure the optical extinction of iron oxide MSP analogues innthe wavelength range 325u2013675u2009nm. The particles were made photochemicallynand agglomerate into fractal-like particles with sizes on the order of 100u2009nm. Analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersivenX-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS)nsuggested the particles were most likely maghemite-like (u03b3-Fe2O3) in composition, though a magnetite-like composition couldnnot be completely ruled out. Assuming a maghemite-like composition, thenoptical extinction coefficients measured using the PAFS were combined withnmaghemite absorption coefficients measured using a complementarynexperimental system (the MICE-TRAPS) to derive complex refractive indicesnthat reproduce both the measured absorption and extinction. },
	author = {Tasha Aylett and James S. A. Brooke and Alexander D. James and Mario Nachbar and Denis Duft and Thomas Leisner and John M. C. Plane},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-19-12767-2019},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {oct},
	number = {19},
	pages = {12767--12777},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Optical properties of meteoric smoke analogues},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-19-12767-2019},
	volume = {19},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Bender-2019-ACaP-MnomfSd,
	abstract = { Abstract. We present an empirical model for nitric oxide (NO) in the mesospheren(u224860u201390u2009km) derived from SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartoghraphY) limb scan data.nThis work complements and extends the NOEMn(Nitric Oxide Empirical Model; Marsh etu00a0al.,u00a02004) andnSANOMA (SMR Acquired Nitric Oxide Model Atmosphere; Kiviranta etu00a0al.,u00a02018)nempirical models in the lower thermosphere.nThe regression ansatz builds on the heritage of studiesnbyu00a0Hendrickx etu00a0al. (2017) and the superposed epochnanalysis byu00a0Sinnhuber etu00a0al. (2016) whichnestimate NO production from particle precipitation. Our model relates the daily (longitudinally) averaged NO number densities fromnSCIAMACHYu00a0(Bender etu00a0al.,u00a02017b, a) as a function of geomagnetic latitudento the solar Lyman-u03b1 and the geomagneticnAE (auroral electrojet) indices.nWe use a non-linear regression model, incorporating a finite and seasonallynvarying lifetime for the geomagnetically induced NO.nWe estimate the parameters by finding the maximum posterior probabilitynand calculate the parameter uncertainties usingnMarkov chain Monte Carlo sampling.nIn addition to providing an estimate of the NO content in the mesosphere,nthe regression coefficients indicate regions where certain processes dominate. },
	author = {Stefan Bender and Miriam Sinnhuber and Patrick J. Espy and John P. Burrows},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-19-2135-2019},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {feb},
	number = {4},
	pages = {2135--2147},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Mesospheric nitric oxide model from {SCIAMACHY} data},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-19-2135-2019},
	volume = {19},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Broman2019ACaPCvssopmcwOtaAni,
	abstract = { Abstract. Two important approaches for satellite studies of polarnmesospheric clouds (PMCs) are nadir measurements adapting phase functionnanalysis and limb measurements adapting spectroscopic analysis. Combiningnboth approaches enables new studies of cloud structures and microphysicalnprocesses but is complicated by differences in scattering conditions,nobservation geometry and sensitivity. In this study, we compare commonnvolume PMC observations from the nadir-viewing Cloud Imaging and ParticlenSize (CIPS) instrument on the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite and a special set of tomographicnlimb observations from the Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager Systemn(OSIRIS) on the Odin satellite performed over 18u2009d for the years 2010nand 2011 and the latitude range 78 to 80u2218u2009N. WhilenCIPS provides preeminent horizontal resolution, the OSIRIS tomographicnanalysis provides combined horizontal and vertical PMC information. Thisnfirst direct comparison is an important step towards co-analysing CIPS andnOSIRIS data, aiming at unprecedented insights into horizontal and verticalncloud processes. Important scientific questions on how the PMC life cycle isnaffected by changes in humidity and temperature due to atmospheric gravitynwaves, planetary waves and tides can be addressed by combining PMCnobservations in multiple dimensions. Two- and three-dimensional cloud structuresnsimultaneously observed by CIPS and tomographic OSIRIS provide a useful toolnfor studies of cloud growth and sublimation. Moreover, the combinednCIPS/tomographic OSIRIS dataset can be used for studies of even morenfundamental character, such as the question of the assumption of the PMCnparticle size distribution. We perform the first thorough error characterization of OSIRIS tomographicncloud brightness and cloud ice water content (IWC). We establish anconsistent method for comparing cloud properties from limb tomography andnnadir observations, accounting for differences in scattering conditions,nresolution and sensitivity. Based on an extensive common volume and antemporal coincidence criterion of only 5u2009min, our method enables andetailed comparison of PMC regions of varying brightness and IWC. However,nsince the dataset is limited to 18u2009d of observations this study does not include ancomparison of cloud frequency. The cloud properties of the OSIRIS tomographicndataset are vertically resolved, while the cloud properties of the CIPSndataset is vertically integrated. To make these different quantitiesncomparable, the OSIRIS tomographic cloud properties cloud scatteringncoefficient and ice mass density (IMD) have been integrated over thenvertical extent of the cloud to form cloud albedo and IWC of the samenquantity as CIPS cloud products. We find that the OSIRIS albedo (obtainednfrom the vertical integration of the primary OSIRIS tomography product,ncloud scattering coefficient) shows very good agreement with the primarynCIPS product, cloud albedo, with a correlation coefficient of 0.96. However,nOSIRIS systematically reports brighter clouds than CIPS and the bias betweennthe instruments (OSIRIS u2013 CIPS) is 3.4u00d710-6u2009sru22121 (u00b12.9u00d710-6u2009sru22121) on average. The OSIRIS tomography IWC (obtained from thenvertical integration of IMD) agrees well with the CIPS IWC, with ancorrelation coefficient of 0.91. However, the IWC reported by OSIRIS isnlower than CIPS, and we quantify the bias to u221222u2009gu2009kmu22122 (u00b114u2009gu2009kmu22122) on average. },
	author = {Lina Broman and Susanne Benze and Jörg Gumbel and Ole Martin Christensen and Cora E. Randall},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-19-12455-2019},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {oct},
	number = {19},
	pages = {12455--12475},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Common volume satellite studies of polar mesospheric clouds with Odin/{OSIRIS} tomography and {AIM}/{CIPS} nadir imaging},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-19-12455-2019},
	volume = {19},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ DeLand-2019-ACaP-EtSpmcdrwtON,
	abstract = { Abstract. We have utilized Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) instrumentnmeasurements of atmospheric radiance to create a 40-year record of polarnmesospheric cloud (PMC) behavior. While this series of measurements isnnearing its end, we show in this paper that Ozone Mapping and ProfilingnSuite (OMPS) Nadir Profiler (NP) instruments can be added to the merged SBUVnPMC data record. Regression analysis of this extended record shows smallerntrends in PMC ice water content (IWC) since approximately 1998, consistentnwith previous work. Current trends are significant at the 95u2009% confidencenlevel in the Northern Hemisphere but not in the Southern Hemisphere. ThenPMC IWC response to solar activity has decreased in the Northern Hemispherensince 1998 but has apparently increased in the Southern Hemisphere. },
	author = {Matthew T. DeLand and Gary E. Thomas},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-19-7913-2019},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {jun},
	number = {11},
	pages = {7913--7925},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Extending the {SBUV} polar mesospheric cloud data record with the {OMPS} {NP}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-19-7913-2019},
	volume = {19},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ DeLand-2019-JoGRA-EoSTEiSPMCD,
	author = {Matthew T. DeLand and Gary E. Thomas},
	doi = {10.1029/2018jd029756},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {apr},
	number = {7},
	pages = {4203--4221},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Evaluation of Space Traffic Effects in {SBUV} Polar Mesospheric Cloud Data},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018jd029756},
	volume = {124},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Duft-2019-ACaP-Utmopmcf,
	abstract = { Abstract. Polar mesospheric clouds are the highest water ice cloudsnoccurring in the terrestrial atmosphere. They form in the polar summernmesopause, the coldest region in the atmosphere. It has long been assumednthat these clouds form by heterogeneous nucleation on meteoric smokenparticles which are the remnants of material ablated from meteoroids in thenupper atmosphere. However, until now little was known about the propertiesnof these nanometre-sized particles and application of the classical theory fornheterogeneous ice nucleation was impacted by large uncertainties. In thisnwork, we performed laboratory measurements on the heterogeneous icenformation process at mesopause conditions on small (r=1 to 3u2009nm)niron silicate nanoparticles serving as meteoric smoke analogues. We observenthat ice growth on these particles sets in for saturation ratios withnrespect to hexagonal ice below Sh=50, a value that is commonlynexceeded during the polar mesospheric cloud season, affirming meteoric smokenparticles as likely nuclei for heterogeneous ice formation in mesosphericnclouds. We present a simple ice-activation model based on the Kelvinu2013Thomson equation that takes into account the water coverage of iron silicates ofnvarious compositions. The activation model reproduces the experimental datanvery well using bulk properties of compact amorphous solid water. This is innline with the finding from our previous study that ice formation onniron silicate nanoparticles occurs by condensation of amorphous solid waternrather than by nucleation of crystalline ice at mesopause conditions. Usingnthe activation model, we also show that for iron silicate particles with drynradius larger than r=0.6u2009nm the nanoparticle charge has no significantneffect on the ice-activation threshold. },
	author = {Denis Duft and Mario Nachbar and Thomas Leisner},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-19-2871-2019},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {mar},
	number = {5},
	pages = {2871--2879},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Unravelling the microphysics of polar mesospheric cloud formation},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-19-2871-2019},
	volume = {19},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Grün-2019-SSR-TDoDA,
	abstract = { Abstract We review the development of dust science from the first ground-based astronomical observations of dust in space to compositional analysis of individual dust particles and their source objects. A multitude of observational techniques is available for the scientific study of space dust: from meteors and interplanetary dust particles collected in the upper atmosphere to dust analyzed in situ or returned to Earth. In situ dust detectors have been developed from simple dust impact detectors determining the dust hazard in Earth orbit to dust telescopes capable of providing compositional analysis and accurate trajectory determination of individual dust particles in space. The concept of Dust Astronomy has been developed, recognizing that dust particles, like photons, carry information from remote sites in space and time. From knowledge of the dust particlesu2019 birthplace and their bulk properties, we learn about the remote environment out of which the particles were formed. Dust Observatory missions like Cassini, Stardust, and Rosetta study Saturnu2019s satellites and rings and the dust environments of comet Wildu00a02 and comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko, respectively. Supplemented by simulations of dusty processes in the laboratory we are beginning to understand the dusty environments in space. },
	author = {Eberhard Grün and Harald Krüger and Ralf Srama},
	doi = {10.1007/s11214-019-0610-1},
	journal = {Space Science Reviews},
	month = {oct},
	number = {7},
	publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
	title = {The Dawn of Dust Astronomy},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-019-0610-1},
	volume = {215},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Havnes-2019-AMT-AnmoitsndacomdfiiscbtDp,
	abstract = { Abstract. We present a new method of analyzing measurements of mesosphericndust made with DUSTY rocket-borne Faraday cup probes. It can yield thenvariation in fundamental dust parameters through a mesospheric cloud with annaltitude resolution down to 10u2009cm or less if plasma probes give the plasmandensity variations with similar height resolution. A DUSTY probe was thenfirst probe that unambiguously detected charged dust and aerosol particles innthe Earth's mesosphere. DUSTY excluded the ambient plasma by various biasedngrids, which however allowed dust particles with radii above a few nanometersnto enter, and it measured the flux of charged dust particles. The fluxnmeasurements directly yielded the total ambient dust charge density. We extend the analysis of DUSTY data by using the impact currents on its mainngrid and the bottom plate as before, together with a dust charging model andna secondary charge production model, to allow the determination ofnfundamental parameters, such as dust radius, charge number, and total dustndensity. We demonstrate the utility of the new analysis technique bynconsidering observations made with the DUSTY probes during the MAXIDUSTYnrocket campaign in Juneu2013Julyu00a02016 and comparing the results with those ofnother instruments (lidar and photometer) also used in the campaign. In thenpresent version we have used monodisperse dust size distributions. },
	author = {Ove Havnes and Tarjei Antonsen and Gerd Baumgarten and Thomas W. Hartquist and Alexander Biebricher and {\AA}shild Fredriksen and Martin Friedrich and Jonas Hedin},
	doi = {10.5194/amt-12-1673-2019},
	journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3},
	pages = {1673--1683},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {A new method of inferring the size, number density, and charge of mesospheric dust from its in situ collection by the {DUSTY} probe},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-12-1673-2019},
	volume = {12},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Hervig-2019-GRL-TMSCRotPSM,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and David E. Siskind and Scott M. Bailey and Aimee W. Merkel and Matthew T. DeLand and James M. Russell},
	doi = {10.1029/2019gl083485},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {aug},
	number = {16},
	pages = {10132--10139},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {The Missing Solar Cycle Response of the Polar Summer Mesosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019gl083485},
	volume = {46},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Hoffmann-2019-ACaP-IfapsbtpeotMoatsdc,
	abstract = { Abstract. The Maddenu2013Julian oscillation (MJO) is a major source ofnintraseasonal variability in the troposphere. Recently, studies havenindicated that also the solar 27-day variability could cause variability innthe troposphere. Furthermore, it has been indicated that both sources couldnbe linked, and particularly that the occurrence of strong MJO events could benmodulated by the solar 27-day cycle. In this paper, we analyze whether the temporal evolution of the MJO phasesncould also be linked to the solar 27-day cycle. We basically count thenoccurrences of particular MJO phases as a function of time lag after thensolar 27-day extrema in about 38u00a0years of MJO data. Furthermore, we develop anquantification approach to measure the strength of such a possiblenrelationship and use this to compare the behavior for different atmosphericnconditions and different datasets, among others. The significance of thenresults is estimated based on different variants of the Monte Carlo approach,nwhich are also compared. We find indications for a synchronization between the MJO phase evolution andnthe solar 27-day cycle, which are most notable under certain conditions: MJOnevents with a strength greater than 0.5, during the easterly phase of thenquasi-biennial oscillation, and during boreal winter. The MJO appears toncycle through its eight phases within two solar 27-day cycles. The phase relationnbetween the MJO and the solar variation appears to be such that the MJOnpredominantly transitions from phaseu00a08 to 1 or from phaseu00a04 and 5 during thensolar 27-day minimum. These results strongly depend on the MJO index usednsuch that the synchronization is most clearly seen when using univariatenindices like the OLR-based MJO index (OMI) in the analysis but can hardly benseen with multivariate indices like the real-time multivariate MJO indexn(RMM). One possible explanation could be that the synchronization pattern isnencoded particularly in the underlying outgoing longwave radiation (OLR)ndata. A weaker dependence of the results on the underlying solar proxy isnalso observed but not further investigated. Although we think that these initial indications are already worth noting, we do not claim to unambiguously prove this relationship in thenpresent study, neither in a statistical nor in a causal sense. Instead, wenchallenge these initial findings ourselves in detail by varying underlyingndatasets and methods and critically discuss resulting open questions to lay ansolid foundation for further research. },
	author = {Christoph G. Hoffmann and Christian {von Savigny}},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-19-4235-2019},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {apr},
	number = {7},
	pages = {4235--4256},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Indications for a potential synchronization between the phase evolution of the Madden{\textendash}Julian oscillation and the solar 27-day cycle},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-19-4235-2019},
	volume = {19},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Jones-2019-JoQSaRT-PopmcfAsis,
	author = {Scott C. Jones and Peter F. Bernath and Chris D. Boone},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jqsrt.2019.05.029},
	journal = {Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {106518},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Properties of polar mesospheric clouds from {ACE} satellite infrared spectra},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jqsrt.2019.05.029},
	volume = {238},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Korshunov-2019-AaOO-OoMAitUSMbtMoTLS,
	author = {V. A. Korshunov and E. G. Merzlyakov and A. A. Yudakov},
	doi = {10.1134/s1024856019010081},
	journal = {Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics},
	month = {jan},
	number = {1},
	pages = {45--54},
	publisher = {Pleiades Publishing Ltd},
	title = {Observations of Meteoric Aerosol in the Upper Stratosphere{\textendash}Lower Mesosphere by the Method of Two-Wavelength Lidar Sensing},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1134%2Fs1024856019010081},
	volume = {32},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Koushik-2019-CD-CoigwaaditlsotIAsBttdas,
	author = {N. Koushik and Karanam Kishore Kumar and K. V. Subrahmanyam and Geetha Ramkumar and I. A. Girach and M. Santosh and K. Nalini and M. Nazeer and P. R. Shreedevi},
	doi = {10.1007/s00382-019-04665-9},
	journal = {Climate Dynamics},
	month = {feb},
	number = {5-6},
	pages = {2887--2903},
	publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
	title = {Characterization of inertia gravity waves and associated dynamics in the lower stratosphere over the Indian Antarctic station, Bharati (69.4{\textdegree}S, 76.2{\textdegree}E) during austral summers},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00382-019-04665-9},
	volume = {53},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Lehmacher-2019-JoGRA-GWDOitMOJP,
	author = {Gerald A. Lehmacher and Erhan Kudeki and Pablo M. Reyes and Kiwook Lee and Christopher J. Heale and Jonathan B. Snively},
	doi = {10.1029/2019jd030264},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {may},
	number = {10},
	pages = {5166--5177},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Gravity Wave Ducting Observed in the Mesosphere Over Jicamarca, Peru},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019jd030264},
	volume = {124},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Macotela-2019-JoGRSP-DHFF,
	author = {Edith L. Macotela and Mark Clilverd and Jyrki Manninen and Tracy Moffat-Griffin and David A. Newnham and Tero Raita and Craig J. Rodger},
	doi = {10.1029/2018ja026049},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {jan},
	number = {1},
	pages = {765--781},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {D-Region High-Latitude Forcing Factors},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018ja026049},
	volume = {124},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Nachbar-2019-ACaP-Tiosropmipf,
	abstract = { Abstract. Mean temperatures in the polar summer mesopause can drop to 130u2009K. The lowntemperatures in combination with water vapor mixing ratios of a few parts pernmillion give rise to the formation of ice particles. These ice particles maynbe observed as polar mesospheric clouds. Mesospheric ice cloud formation isnbelieved to initiate heterogeneously on small aerosol particles (r<2u2009nm) composed of recondensed meteoric material, so-called meteoricnsmoke particles (MSPs). Recently, we investigated the ice activation andngrowth behavior of MSP analogues under realistic mesopause conditions. Basednon these measurements we presented a new activation model which largelynreduced the uncertainties in describing ice particle formation. However, thisnactivation model neglected the possibility that MSPs heat up in thenlow-density mesopause due to absorption of solar and terrestrial irradiation.nRadiative heating of the particles may severely reduce their ice formationnability. In this study we expose MSP analogues (Fe2O3 andnFexSi1u2212xO3) to realistic mesopausentemperatures and water vapor concentrations and investigate particle warmingnunder the influence of variable intensities of visible light (405, 488,u00a0andn660u2009nm). We show that Mie theory calculations using refractive indices ofnbulk material from the literature combined with an equilibrium temperaturenmodel presented in this work predict the particle warming very well.nAdditionally, we confirm that the absorption efficiency increases with theniron content of the MSP material. We apply our findings to mesopausenconditions and conclude that the impact of solar and terrestrial radiation onnice particle formation is significantly lower than previously assumed. },
	author = {Mario Nachbar and Henrike Wilms and Denis Duft and Tasha Aylett and Kensei Kitajima and Takuya Majima and John M. C. Plane and Markus Rapp and Thomas Leisner},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-19-4311-2019},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {apr},
	number = {7},
	pages = {4311--4322},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {The impact of solar radiation on polar mesospheric ice particle formation},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-19-4311-2019},
	volume = {19},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Rong-2019-JoAaSP-VowvmbSotTs,
	author = {Pingping Rong and James M. Russell and Benjamin T. Marshall and Larry L. Gordley and Martin G. Mlynczak and Kaley A. Walker},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2019.105099},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {105099},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Validation of water vapor measured by {SABER} on the {TIMED} satellite},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2019.105099},
	volume = {194},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Ryan-2019-GmmomcmaNt,
	author = {Niall J. Ryan and Mathias Palm and Christoph G. Hoffmann and Jens Goliasch and Justus Notholt},
	doi = {10.5194/amt-12-4077-2019},
	month = {jul},
	number = {7},
	pages = {4077--4089},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = "{Ground-based millimetre-wave measurements of middle-atmospheric carbon monoxide above Ny-{{AA}}lesund (78.9{textdegree}{hspace{0.167em}}N",
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-12-4077-2019},
	volume = {12},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Siskind-2019-AG-Otrrodacgtaadvoltno,
	abstract = { Abstract. We use data from two NASA satellites, the Thermosphere Ionosphere Energeticsnand Dynamicsu00a0(TIMED) and the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphereu00a0(AIM)nsatellites, in conjunction with model simulations from thenthermosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere-electrodynamics general circulation modeln(TIME-GCM) to elucidate the key dynamical and chemical factors governing thenabundance and diurnal variation of lower thermospheric nitricnoxideu00a0(NO) at near-solar minimum conditions and low latitudes. This analysisnwas enabled by the recent orbital precession of the AIM satellite whichncaused the solar occultation pattern measured by the Solar Occultation fornIce Experimentu00a0(SOFIE) to migrate down to low and mid-latitudes for specificnperiods of time. We use a month of NO data collected in January 2017nto compare with two versions of the TIME-GCM; one is driven solely bynclimatological tides and analysis-derived planetary waves at the lowernboundary and is free running at all other altitudes, and the other isnconstrained by a high-altitude analysis from the Navy Global EnvironmentalnModel (NAVGEM) up to the mesopause. We also compare SOFIE data with anNO climatology from the nitric oxide empirical modelu00a0(NOEM). BothnSOFIE and NOEM yield peak NO abundances of around 4u00d7107u2009cmu22123; however, the SOFIE profile peaks about 6u20138u2009km lower thannNOEM. We show that this difference is likely a local time effect, with SOFIEnbeing a dawn measurement and NOEM representing late morning and/or near noon.nThe constrained version of TIME-GCM exhibits a low-altitude dawn peak, whilenthe model that is forced solely at the lower boundary and freenrunning above does not. We attribute this difference to a phase change in thensemi-diurnal tide in the NAVGEM-constrained model, causing the descent ofnhigh NO mixing ratio air near dawn. This phase difference between thentwo models arises due to differences in the mesospheric zonal mean zonalnwinds. Regarding the absolute NO abundance, all versions of thenTIME-GCM overestimate this. Tuning the model to yield calculated atomicnoxygen in agreement with TIMED data helps but is insufficient. Furthermore,nthe TIME-GCM underestimates the electron density (Ne) as compared with thenInternational Reference Ionosphere (IRI) empirical model. This suggests anpotential conflict with the requirements of NO modeling and Nenmodeling, since one solution typically used to increase model Ne is tonincrease the solar soft X-ray flux, which would, in this case, worsen thenNO modelu2013data discrepancy. },
	author = {David E. Siskind and McArthur Jones Jr. and Douglas P. Drob and John P. McCormack and Mark E. Hervig and Daniel R. Marsh and Martin G. Mlynczak and Scott M. Bailey and Astrid Maute and Nicholas J. Mitchell},
	doi = {10.5194/angeo-37-37-2019},
	journal = {Annales Geophysicae},
	month = {jan},
	number = {1},
	pages = {37--48},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {On the relative roles of dynamics and chemistry governing the abundance and diurnal variation of low-latitude thermospheric nitric oxide},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fangeo-37-37-2019},
	volume = {37},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Smith-2019-JotAS-ICMitMAoW,
	abstract = { Abstract n Simulations with the Community Earth System Model, version 2, using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6 [CESM2(WACCM6)] configuration, show evidence of dynamical coupling from the high latitudes of the winter middle atmosphere to the tropics and the middle and high latitudes of the summer hemisphere. Analysis of monthly and daily output covering 195 simulation years indicates that the response in the summer middle and high latitudes has a weak overall magnitude of a few kelvins or less in temperature but has a repeatable pattern whose structure and phase agree with observational studies. Lag correlation indicates that perturbations in wave activity in the winter stratosphere, as quantified by Eliassenu2013Palm (EP) flux divergence, are accompanied by perturbations in the transformed Eulerian-mean meridional wind extending into the summer hemisphere. There is not an appreciable correlation with momentum forcing in the summer hemisphere by either resolved waves or parameterized gravity waves. The rapid circulation response and the lack of a wave response in the summer hemisphere suggest that the interhemispheric coupling that is simulated in WACCM6 in both the stratosphere and the mesosphere owes its existence to a circulation that develops to restore balance to the zonally averaged state of the atmosphere. This is an alternative explanation for the coupling from the winter stratosphere to the summer mesosphere; previous studies have assumed a necessary role for wave activity in the summer hemisphere. },
	author = {A. K. Smith and N. M. Pedatella and Z. K. Mullen},
	doi = {10.1175/jas-d-19-0253.1},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3},
	pages = {1101--1118},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Interhemispheric Coupling Mechanisms in the Middle Atmosphere of {WACCM}6},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjas-d-19-0253.1},
	volume = {77},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Thomas-2019-AMT-ARmfdiwcopmcuuofs,
	abstract = { Abstract. High spatial resolution images of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs)nfrom a camera array on board the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellitenhave been obtained since 2007. The Cloud Imaging and Particle SizenExperiment (CIPS) detects scattered ultraviolet (UV) radiance at a varietynof scattering angles, allowing the scattering phase function to be measurednfor every image pixel. With well-established scattering theory, the meannparticle size and ice water content (IWC) are derived. In the nominal modenof operation, approximately seven scattering angles are measured per cloudnpixel. However, because of a change in the orbital geometry in 2016, a newnmode of operation was implemented such that one scatteringnangle, or at most two, per pixel are now available. Thus particle size and IWC can no longernbe derived from the standard CIPS algorithm. The Albedo-Ice Regression (AIR)nmethod was devised to overcome this obstacle. Using data from both anmicrophysical model and from CIPS in its normal mode, we show that the AIRnmethod provides sufficiently accurate average IWC so that PMC IWC can benretrieved from CIPS data into the future, even when albedo is not measurednat multiple scattering angles. We also show from the model that 265u2009nm UVnscattering is sensitive only to ice particle sizes greater than about 20u201325u2009nmnin (effective) radius and that the operational CIPS algorithm has annaverage error in retrieving IWC of -13u00b117u2009%. },
	author = {Gary E. Thomas and Jerry Lumpe and Charles Bardeen and Cora E. Randall},
	doi = {10.5194/amt-12-1755-2019},
	journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3},
	pages = {1755--1766},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Albedo-Ice Regression method for determining ice water content of polar mesospheric clouds using ultraviolet observations from space},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-12-1755-2019},
	volume = {12},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Thurairajah-2019-JoAaSP-NhsmgwrtsafnyoAo,
	author = {Brentha Thurairajah and Scott M. Bailey and Mark E. Hervig},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2019.105086},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {105086},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Northern hemisphere summer mesospheric gravity wave response to solar activity from nine years of {AIM} observation},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2019.105086},
	volume = {193},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Ugolnikov-2019-PaSS-PaapoobncwlpiJ,
	author = {O.S. Ugolnikov and I.A. Maslov},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pss.2019.104713},
	journal = {Planetary and Space Science},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {104713},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Polarization analysis and probable origin of bright noctilucent clouds with large particles in June 2018},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2019.104713},
	volume = {179},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Wüst-2019-ACaP-OoOafgaasiowsbamsw,
	abstract = { Abstract. In January and February 2016, the OH airglow camera system FAIM (Fast AirglownImager) measured during six flights on board the research aircraft FALCON innnorthern Scandinavia. Flight 1 (14u00a0Januaryu00a02016) covering the same groundntrack in several flight legs and flight 5 (28u00a0Januaryu00a02016) along thenshoreline of Norway are discussed in detail in this study. The images of thenOH airglow intensity are analysed with a two-dimensional FFT regardingnhorizontal periodic structures between 3 and 26u2009km horizontal wavelength andntheir direction of propagation. Two ground-based spectrometers (GRIPS,nGround-based Infrared P-branch Spectrometer) provided OH airglowntemperatures. One was placed at ALOMAR, Northern Norway (Arctic LidarnObservatory for Middle Atmosphere Research; 69.28u2218u2009N,n16.01u2218u2009E) and the other one at Kiruna, northern Swedenn(67.86u2218u2009N, 20.24u2218u2009E). Especially during the last third ofnJanuary 2016, the weather conditions at Kiruna were good enough for thencomputation of nightly means of gravity wave potential energy density.nCoincident TIMED-SABER (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere EnergeticsnDynamicsu2013Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry)nmeasurements complete the data set. They allow for the derivation ofninformation about the Bruntu2013Vu00e4isu00e4lu00e4 frequency and about thenheight of the OH airglow layer as well as its thickness. The data are analysed with respect to the temporal and spatial evolution ofnmesopause gravity wave activity just before a minor stratospheric warming atnthe end of January 2016. Wave events with periods longer (shorter) thann60u2009min might mainly be generated in the troposphere (at or above the heightnof the stratospheric jet). Special emphasis is placed on small-scalensignatures, i.e. on ripples, which may be signatures of local instabilitynand which may be related to a step in a wave-breaking process. The mostnmountainous regions are characterized by the highest occurrence rate ofnwave-like structures in both flights. },
	author = {Sabine Wüst and Carsten Schmidt and Patrick Hannawald and Michael Bittner and Martin G. Mlynczak and James M. Russell III},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-19-6401-2019},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {may},
	number = {9},
	pages = {6401--6418},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Observations of {OH} airglow from ground, aircraft, and satellite: investigation of wave-like structures before a minor stratospheric warming},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-19-6401-2019},
	volume = {19},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Zhao-2019-JoGRA-IaULDOiMTOAUGaSM,
	author = {Yucheng Zhao and M. J. Taylor and P.-D. Pautet and T. Moffat-Griffin and M. E. Hervig and D. J. Murphy and W. J. R. French and H. L. Liu and W. R. Pendleton and J. M. Russell},
	doi = {10.1029/2019jd030286},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {aug},
	number = {15},
	pages = {8576--8593},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Investigating an Unusually Large 28-Day Oscillation in Mesospheric Temperature Over Antarctica Using Ground-Based and Satellite Measurements},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019jd030286},
	volume = {124},
	year = "2019"
}

@article{ Bharti-2018-JoGRSP-STVoRCbNOaObTaG,
	author = {Gaurav Bharti and M. V. Sunil~Krishna and T. Bag and Puneet Jain},
	doi = {10.1002/2017ja024576},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {feb},
	number = {2},
	pages = {1500--1514},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Storm Time Variation of Radiative Cooling by Nitric Oxide as Observed by {TIMED}-{SABER} and {GUVI}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017ja024576},
	volume = {123},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Dalin-2018-JoAaSP-Roncbtdsv,
	author = {P. Dalin and N. Pertsev and V. Perminov and A. Dubietis and A. Zadorozhny and M. Zalcik and I. McEachran and T. McEwan and K. {\v{C}}ernis and J. Gr{\o}nne and T. Taustrup and O. Hansen and H. Andersen and D. Melnikov and A. Manevich and V. Romejko and D. Lifatova},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2018.01.025},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {83--90},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Response of noctilucent cloud brightness to daily solar variations},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2018.01.025},
	volume = {169},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Fiedler-2018-ACaP-Saltincadbgl,
	abstract = { Abstract. Noctilucent clouds (NLCs) occur during summer from midlatitudes to high latitudes. They consist ofnnanometer-sized ice particles in an altitude range from 80 to 90u2009km and arensensitive to ambient temperature and water vapor content, which makes them ansuitable tracer for variability on all timescales. The data set acquired bynthe ALOMAR Rayleighu2013Mieu2013Raman (RMR) lidar covers 21u00a0years and isninvestigated regarding tidal signatures in NLCs. For the first time solar andnlunar tidal parameters in NLCs were determined simultaneously from the samendata. Several NLC parameters are subject to persistent mean variationsnthroughout the solar day as well as the lunar day. Variations with lunar timenare generally smaller compared to variations with solar time. NLC occurrencenfrequency shows the most robust imprint of the lunar semidiurnal tide. Itsnamplitude is about 50u2009% of the solar semidiurnal tide, which isnsurprisingly large. Phase progressions of NLC occurrence frequency indicatenupward propagating solar tides. Below 84u2009km altitude the correspondingnvertical wavelengths are between 20 and 30u2009km. For the lunar semidiurnalntide phase progressions vary symmetrically with respect to the maximum of thenNLC layer. },
	author = {Jens Fiedler and Gerd Baumgarten},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-18-16051-2018},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {nov},
	number = {21},
	pages = {16051--16061},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Solar and lunar tides in noctilucent clouds as determined by ground-based lidar},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-18-16051-2018},
	volume = {18},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ France-2018-JoGRA-LaRPWEoPMCitNHi,
	author = {J. A. France and C. E. Randall and R. S. Lieberman and V. L. Harvey and S. D. Eckermann and D. E. Siskind and J. D. Lumpe and S. M. Bailey and J. N. Carstens and J. M. Russell},
	doi = {10.1029/2017jd028224},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {may},
	number = {10},
	pages = {5149--5162},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Local and Remote Planetary Wave Effects on Polar Mesospheric Clouds in the Northern Hemisphere in 2014},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2017jd028224},
	volume = {123},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Gao-2018-JoGRSP-EoSGWoPMCOFC,
	author = {Haiyang Gao and Licheng Li and Lingbing Bu and Qilin Zhang and Yuanhe Tang and Zhen Wang},
	doi = {10.1029/2017ja024855},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {may},
	number = {5},
	pages = {4026--4045},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Effect of Small-Scale Gravity Waves on Polar Mesospheric Clouds Observed From {CIPS}/{AIM}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2017ja024855},
	volume = {123},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Gerding-2018-ACaP-SooNaMamiffaaoip,
	abstract = { Abstract. We combined ground-based lidar observations of noctilucent clouds (NLCs) withncollocated, simultaneous radar observations of mesospheric summer echoesn(MSEs) in order to compare ice cloud altitudes at a midlatitude siten(Ku00fchlungsborn, Germany, 54u2218u2009N, 12u2218u2009E). Lidarnobservations are limited to larger particles (>10u2009nm), while radars arenalso sensitive to small particles (<10u2009nm), but require sufficientnionization and turbulence at the ice cloud altitudes. The combined lidar andnradar data set thus includes some information on the size distribution withinnthe cloud and through this on the u201chistoryu201d of the cloud. The soundings for thisnstudy are carried out by the IAP Rayleighu2013Mieu2013Raman (RMR) lidar and the OSWIN VHF radar. Onnaverage, there is no difference between the lower edgesn(zNLClow and zMSElow). The meanndifference of the upper edges zNLCup andnzMSEup is u223c500u2009m, which is much less thannexpected from observations at higher latitudes. In contrast to highnlatitudes, the MSEs above our location typically do not reach much higher thannthe NLCs. In addition to earlier studies from our site, this gives additionalnevidence for the supposition that clouds containing large enough particles tonbe observed by lidar are not formed locally but are advected from highernlatitudes. During the advection process, the smaller particles in the uppernpart of the cloud either grow and sediment, or they sublimate. Both processesnresult in a thinning of the layer. High-altitude MSEs, usually indicatingnnucleation of ice particles, are rarely observed in conjunction with lidarnobservations of NLCs at Ku00fchlungsborn. },
	author = {Michael Gerding and Jochen Zöllner and Marius Zecha and Kathrin Baumgarten and Josef Höffner and Gunter Stober and Franz-Josef Lübken},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-18-15569-2018},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {oct},
	number = {21},
	pages = {15569--15580},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Simultaneous observations of {NLCs} and {MSEs} at midlatitudes: implications for formation and advection of ice particles},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-18-15569-2018},
	volume = {18},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Hendrickx-2018-PatmoNioam,
	abstract = { Abstract. A reservoir of Nitric Oxide (NO) in the lower thermosphere efficiently cools the atmosphere after periods of enhanced geomagnetic activity. Transport from this reservoir to the stratosphere within the winter polar vortex allows NO to deplete ozone levels and thereby affect the middle atmospheric heat budget. As more climate models resolve the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region, the need for an improved representation of NO related processes increases. This work presents a detailed comparison of NO in the Antarctic MLT region between observations made by the Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE) instrument onboard the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite and simulations performed by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with Specified Dynamics (SD-WACCM). We investigate 7 years of SOFIE observations and focus on the Southern hemisphere, rather than on dynamical variability in the Northern hemisphere or a specific geomagnetic perturbed event. The morphology of the simulated NO is in agreement with observations though the long term mean is too high and the short term variability is too low. Number densities are more similar during winter, though the altitude of peak densities, which reaches between 102u2013106u2009km in WACCM and between 98u2013104u2009km in SOFIE, is most separated during winter. Using multiple linear regressions and superposed epoch analyses we investigate how well the NO production and transport are represented in the model. The impact of geomagnetic activity is shown to drive NO variations in the lower thermosphere similarly across both datasets. The dynamical transport from the lower thermosphere into the mesosphere during polar winter is found to agree very well, with a descent rate of about 2.2u2009km/day in the 80u2013110u2009km region in both datasets. The downward transported NO fluxes are however too low in WACCM, which is likely due to medium energy electrons and D-region chemistry that are not represented in the model. },
	author = {Koen Hendrickx and Linda Megner and Daniel R. Marsh and Christine Smith-Johnsen},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-2017-1188},
	month = {jan},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Production and transport mechanisms of {NO} in observations and models},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-2017-1188},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Hoffmann-2018-GRL-SOoSGWAWtIoTC,
	author = {Lars Hoffmann and Xue Wu and M. Joan Alexander},
	doi = {10.1002/2017gl076123},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {feb},
	number = {3},
	pages = {1692--1700},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Satellite Observations of Stratospheric Gravity Waves Associated With the Intensification of Tropical Cyclones},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017gl076123},
	volume = {45},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Köhnke-2018-AiSR-Ooadssinca,
	author = {Merlin C. Köhnke and Christian {von Savigny} and Charles E. Robert},
	doi = {10.1016/j.asr.2018.02.035},
	journal = {Advances in Space Research},
	month = {may},
	number = {10},
	pages = {2531--2539},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Observation of a 27-day solar signature in noctilucent cloud altitude},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asr.2018.02.035},
	volume = {61},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Langowski-2018-JoAaSP-FrotroncaaorfSsnm,
	author = {M.P. Langowski and C. {von Savigny} and T. Bachmann and M.T. DeLand},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2018.03.013},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {31--39},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {First results on the retrieval of noctilucent cloud albedo and occurrence rate from {SCIAMACHY}/Envisat satellite nadir measurements},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2018.03.013},
	volume = {175},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Lübken-2018-GRL-OtAIoLEoNC,
	author = {Franz-Josef Lübken and Uwe Berger and Gerd Baumgarten},
	doi = {10.1029/2018gl077719},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {jul},
	number = {13},
	pages = {6681--6689},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {On the Anthropogenic Impact on Long-Term Evolution of Noctilucent Clouds},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018gl077719},
	volume = {45},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Megner-2018-GRL-FOTDoaNCIV,
	author = {Linda Megner and Jacek Stegman and Pierre-Dominique Pautet and Michael J. Taylor},
	doi = {10.1029/2018gl078501},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {sep},
	number = {18},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {First Observed Temporal Development of a Noctilucent Cloud Ice Void},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018gl078501},
	volume = {45},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Meraner-2018-ACaP-Cioiwpmasolacbepp,
	abstract = { Abstract. Energetic particles enter the polar atmosphere andnenhance the production of nitrogen oxides and hydrogen oxides in the winternstratosphere and mesosphere. Both components are powerful ozone destroyers.nRecently, it has been inferred from observations that the direct effect ofnenergetic particle precipitation (EPP) causes significant long-termnmesospheric ozone variability. Satellites observe a decrease in mesosphericnozone up to 34u2009% between EPP maximum and EPP minimum. Stratospheric ozonendecreases due to the indirect effect of EPP by about 10u201315u2009% observed bynsatellite instruments. Here, we analyze the climate impact of winter borealnidealized polar mesospheric and polar stratospheric ozone losses as caused bynEPP in the coupled MaxnPlanck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). Using radiative transfernmodeling, we find that the radiative forcing of mesospheric ozone loss duringnpolar night is small. Hence, climate effects of mesospheric ozone loss due tonenergetic particles seem unlikely. Stratospheric ozone loss due to energeticnparticles warms the winter polar stratosphere and subsequently weakens thenpolar vortex. However, those changes are small, and few statisticallynsignificant changes in surface climate are found. },
	author = {Katharina Meraner and Hauke Schmidt},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-18-1079-2018},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {jan},
	number = {2},
	pages = {1079--1089},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Climate impact of idealized winter polar mesospheric and stratospheric ozone losses as caused by energetic particle precipitation},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-18-1079-2018},
	volume = {18},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Sassi-2018-JoGRA-SotBWUMaLTWMSiS,
	author = {Fabrizio Sassi and David E. Siskind and Jennifer L. Tate and Han-Li Liu and Cora E. Randall},
	doi = {10.1002/2017jd027782},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {apr},
	number = {7},
	pages = {3791--3811},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Simulations of the Boreal Winter Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere With Meteorological Specifications in {SD}-{WACCM}-X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017jd027782},
	volume = {123},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Silber-2018-A-NOPbCMatRoLaNPitSBFF,
	author = {Elizabeth Silber and Mihai Niculescu and Peter Butka and Reynold Silber},
	doi = {10.3390/atmos9050202},
	journal = {Atmosphere},
	month = {may},
	number = {5},
	pages = {202},
	publisher = {{MDPI} {AG}},
	title = {Nitric Oxide Production by Centimeter-Sized Meteoroids and the Role of Linear and Nonlinear Processes in the Shock Bound Flow Fields},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fatmos9050202},
	volume = {9},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Sinnhuber2018ACaPNpolacinrhdteppit,
	abstract = { Abstract. We analyze the impact of energetic particle precipitation on the stratospheric nitrogen budget, ozone abundances and net radiative heating using results from three global chemistry-climate models considering solar protons and geomagnetic forcing due to auroral or radiation belt electrons. Two of the models cover the atmosphere up to the lower thermosphere, the source region of auroral NO production. Geomagnetic forcing in these models is included by prescribed ionization rates. One model reaches up to about 80u202fkm, and geomagnetic forcing is included by applying an upper boundary condition of auroral NO mixing ratios parameterized as a function of geomagnetic activity. Despite the differences in the implementation of the particle effect, the resulting modeled NOy in the upper mesosphere agrees well between all three models, demonstrating that geomagnetic forcing is represented in a consistent way either by prescribing ionization rates or by prescribing NOy at the model top.Compared with observations of stratospheric and mesospheric NOy from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument for the years 2002u20132010, the model simulations reproduce the spatial pattern and temporal evolution well. However, after strong sudden stratospheric warmings, particle-induced NOy is underestimated by both high-top models, and after the solar proton event in October 2003, NOy is overestimated by all three models. Model results indicate that the large solar proton event in October 2003 contributed about 1u20132u202fGmol (109u202fmol) NOy per hemisphere to the stratospheric NOy budget, while downwelling of auroral NOx from the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere contributes up to 4u202fGmol NOy. Accumulation over time leads to a constant particle-induced background of about 0.5u20131u202fGmol per hemisphere during solar minimum, and up to 2u202fGmol per hemisphere during solar maximum. Related negative anomalies of ozone are predicted by the models in nearly every polar winter, ranging from 10u201350u202f% during solar maximum to 2u201310u202f% during solar minimum. Ozone loss continues throughout polar summer after strong solar proton events in the Southern Hemisphere and after large sudden stratospheric warmings in the Northern Hemisphere. During mid-winter, the ozone loss causes a reduction of the infrared radiative cooling, i.e., a positive change of the net radiative heating (effective warming), in agreement with analyses of geomagnetic forcing in stratospheric temperatures which show a warming in the late winter upper stratosphere. In late winter and spring, the sign of the net radiative heating change turns to negative (effective cooling). This spring-time cooling lasts well into summer and continues until the following autumn after large solar proton events in the Southern Hemisphere, and after sudden stratospheric warmings in the Northern Hemisphere. },
	author = {Miriam Sinnhuber and Uwe Berger and Bernd Funke and Holger Nieder and Thomas Reddmann and Gabriele Stiller and Stefan Versick and Thomas von Clarmann and Jan Maik Wissing},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-18-1115-2018},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {jan},
	note = {{NO}{\&}amp$\mathsemicolon$lt$\mathsemicolon$sub{\&}amp$\mathsemicolon$gt$\mathsemicolon${\&}amp$\mathsemicolon$lt$\mathsemicolon$i{\&}amp$\mathsemicolon$gt$\mathsemicolon$y{\&}amp$\mathsemicolon$lt$\mathsemicolon$/i{\&}amp$\mathsemicolon$gt$\mathsemicolon${\&}amp$\mathsemicolon$lt$\mathsemicolon$/sub{\&}amp$\mathsemicolon$gt$\mathsemicolon$ production, ozone loss and changes in net radiative heating due to energetic particle precipitation in 2002{\textendash}2010},
	number = {2},
	pages = {1115--1147},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = "NOy production, ozone loss and changes in net radiative heating due to energetic particle precipitation in 2002–2010 ",
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-18-1115-2018},
	volume = {18},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Siskind-2018-JoGRA-UtEoPMCotEotUMaLT,
	author = {David E. Siskind and A. W. Merkel and D. R. Marsh and C. E. Randall and M. E. Hervig and M. G. Mlynczak and J. M. Russell III},
	doi = {10.1029/2018jd028830},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {oct},
	number = {20},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Understanding the Effects of Polar Mesospheric Clouds on the Environment of the Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018jd028830},
	volume = {123},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Smith-2018-JoGRA-SaTSotTOMitPWM,
	author = {Anne K. Smith and Patrick J. Espy and Manuel L{\'{o}}pez-Puertas and Olga V. Tweedy},
	doi = {10.1029/2017jd028030},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {apr},
	number = {8},
	pages = {4373--4389},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Spatial and Temporal Structure of the Tertiary Ozone Maximum in the Polar Winter Mesosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2017jd028030},
	volume = {123},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Song-2018-AMT-TtroagwitmaltM,
	abstract = { Abstract. Gravity waves (GWs) have been intensively studied over recent decades becausenof their dominant role in the dynamics of the mesosphere and lowernthermosphere (MLT). The momentum deposition caused by breaking GWs determinesnthe basic structure and drives the large-scale circulation in the MLT.nSatellite observations provide a way to qualify the properties and effects ofnGWs on a global scale. As GWs can propagate vertically and horizontally innthe atmosphere, resolving both horizontal and vertical wavelengths isnimportant for the quantification of a wave. However, this can hardly benachieved by one instrument with a good spatial coverage and resolution. Innthis paper, we propose a new observation strategy, called u201csweep modeu201d, forna real three-dimensional (3-D) tomographic reconstruction of GWs in the MLTnby modifying the observation geometry of conventional limb soundingnmeasurements. It enhances the horizontal resolution that typical limbnsounders can achieve, while at the same time retaining the good verticalnresolution they have. This observation strategy is simulated for retrievingntemperatures from measurements of the rotational structure of the O2nA-band airglow. The idea of this observation strategy is to sweep thenline of sight (LOS) of the limb sounder horizontally across the orbital tracknduring the flight. Therefore, two-dimensional (2-D) slices, i.e., verticalnplanes, that reveal the projection of GWs can be observed in the directionnalong and across the orbital track, respectively. The 3-D wave vector isnthen reproduced by combining the projected 2-D wave slices in the twondirections. The feasibility of this sweep-mode tomographic retrievalnapproach is assessed using simulated measurements. It shows that thenhorizontal resolution in both along- and across-track directions is affectednby an adjustable turning angle, which also determines the spatial coverage ofnthis observation mode. The retrieval results can reduce the errors inndeducing momentum flux substantially by providing an unbiased estimation ofnthe real horizontal wavelength of a wave. },
	author = {Rui Song and Martin Kaufmann and Manfred Ern and Jörn Ungermann and Guang Liu and Martin Riese},
	doi = {10.5194/amt-11-3161-2018},
	journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
	month = {jun},
	number = {5},
	pages = {3161--3175},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction of atmospheric gravity waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere ({MLT})},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-11-3161-2018},
	volume = {11},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Zülicke-2018-JoC-CoSWwMCiOaS,
	abstract = { Abstract n The vertical coupling between the stratosphere and the mesosphere is diagnosed from polar cap temperatures averaged over 60u00b0u201390u00b0N with a new method: the joint occurrence of a warm stratosphere at 10 hPa and a cold mesosphere at 0.01 hPa. The investigation of an 11-yr-long dataset (2004u201315) from Aura-MLS observations shows that such mesospheric coupling days appear in 7% of the winter. During major sudden stratospheric warming events mesospheric couplings are present with an enhanced average daily frequency of 22%. This daily frequency changes from event to event but broadly results in five of seven major warmings being classified as mesospheric couplings (2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2013). The observed fraction of mesospheric coupling events (71%) is compared with simulations of the Ku00fchlungsborn Mechanistic Circulation Model (KMCM), the Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere (HAMMONIA), and the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). The simulated fraction of mesospheric coupling events ranges between 57% and 94%, which fits the observations. In searching for causal relations weak evidence is found that major warming events with strong intensity or split vortices favor their coupling with the upper mesosphere. More evidence is found with a conceptual model: an effective vertical coupling between 10 and 0.01 hPa is provided by deep zonal-mean easterlies at 60u00b0N, which are acting as a gravity-wave guide. The explained variance is above 40% in the four datasets, which indicates a near-realistic simulation of this process. },
	author = {Christoph Zülicke and Erich Becker and Vivien Matthias and Dieter H. W. Peters and Hauke Schmidt and Han-Li Liu and Laura de la Torre Ramos and Daniel M. Mitchell},
	doi = {10.1175/jcli-d-17-0047.1},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	month = {jan},
	number = {3},
	pages = {1107--1133},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Coupling of Stratospheric Warmings with Mesospheric Coolings in Observations and Simulations},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjcli-d-17-0047.1},
	volume = {31},
	year = "2018"
}

@article{ Bender-2017-AMT-RonoitmfSnls,
	abstract = { Abstract. We present a retrieval algorithm for nitric oxide (NO) number densities from measurements from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY, on Envisat) nominal limb mode (0u201391u202fkm). The NO number densities are derived from atmospheric emissions in the gamma bands in the range 230u2013300u202fnm, measured by the SCIAMACHY ultra-violet (UV) channelu00a01. The retrieval is adapted from the mesosphere and lower thermosphere mode (MLT, 50u2013150u202fkm) NO retrievalu00a0(Bender etu00a0al., 2013), including the same 3-D ray tracing, 2-D retrieval grid, and regularisations with respect to altitude and latitude.Since the nominal mode limb scans extend only to about 91u202fkm, we use NO densities in the lower thermosphere (above 92u202fkm), derived from empirical models, as a priori input. The priors are the Nitric Oxide Empirical Model (NOEM; Marsh etu00a0al., 2004) and a regression model derived from the MLT NO data comparisonu00a0(Bender etu00a0al., 2015). Our algorithm yields plausible NO number densities from 60 to 85u202fkm from the SCIAMACHY nominal limb mode scans. Using a priori input substantially reduces the incorrect attribution of NO from the lower thermosphere, where no direct limb measurements are available. The vertical resolution lies between 5 and 10u202fkm in the altitude range 65u201380u202fkm.Analysing all SCIAMACHY nominal limb scans provides almost 10 years (from August 2002 to April 2012) of daily NO measurements in this altitude range. This provides a unique data record of NO in the upper atmosphere and is invaluable for constraining NO in the mesosphere, in particular for testing and validating chemistry climate models during this period. },
	author = {Stefan Bender and Miriam Sinnhuber and Martin Langowski and John P. Burrows},
	doi = {10.5194/amt-10-209-2017},
	journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
	month = {jan},
	number = {1},
	pages = {209--220},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Retrieval of nitric oxide in the mesosphere from {SCIAMACHY} nominal limb spectra},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-10-209-2017},
	volume = {10},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Fiedler2017JoAaSPLvoncaA,
	author = {Jens Fiedler and Gerd Baumgarten and Uwe Berger and Franz-Josef Lübken},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2016.08.006},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {79--89},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Long-term variations of noctilucent clouds at {ALOMAR}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2016.08.006},
	volume = {162},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Fiedler-2017-JoAaSP-LvoncaA,
	author = {Jens Fiedler and Gerd Baumgarten and Uwe Berger and Franz-Josef Lübken},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2016.08.006},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {79--89},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Long-term variations of noctilucent clouds at {ALOMAR}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2016.08.006},
	volume = {162},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Funke-2017-ACaP-HmipEiedtdpNwt,
	abstract = { Abstract. We compare simulations from three high-top (with upper lid above 120u202fkm) and five medium-top (with upper lid around 80u202fkm) atmospheric models with observations of odd nitrogen (NOxu202fu2009=u2009u202fNOu202f+u202fNO2), temperature, and carbon monoxide from seven satellite instruments (ACE-FTS on SciSat, GOMOS, MIPAS, and SCIAMACHY on Envisat, MLS on Aura, SABER on TIMED, and SMR on Odin) during the Northern Hemisphere (NH) polar winter 2008/2009. The models included in the comparison are the 3-D chemistry transport model 3dCTM, the ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model, FinROSE, the Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere (HAMMONIA), the Karlsruhe Simulation Model of the Middle Atmosphere (KASIMA), the modelling tools for SOlar Climate Ozone Links studies (SOCOL and CAO-SOCOL), and the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM4). The comparison focuses on the energetic particle precipitation (EPP) indirect effect, that is, the polar winter descent of NOx largely produced by EPP in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. A particular emphasis is given to the impact of the sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) in January 2009 and the subsequent elevated stratopause (ES) event associated with enhanced descent of mesospheric air. The chemistry climate model simulations have been nudged toward reanalysis data in the troposphere and stratosphere while being unconstrained above. An odd nitrogen upper boundary condition obtained from MIPAS observations has further been applied to medium-top models. Most models provide a good representation of the mesospheric tracer descent in general, and the EPP indirect effect in particular, during the unperturbed (pre-SSW) period of the NH winter 2008/2009. The observed NOx descent into the lower mesosphere and stratosphere is generally reproduced within 20u202f%. Larger discrepancies of a few model simulations could be traced back either to the impact of the models' gravity wave drag scheme on the polar wintertime meridional circulation or to a combination of prescribed NOx mixing ratio at the uppermost model layer and low vertical resolution. In Marchu2013April, after the ES event, however, modelled mesospheric and stratospheric NOx distributions deviate significantly from the observations. The too-fast and early downward propagation of the NOx tongue, encountered in most simulations, coincides with a temperature high bias in the lower mesosphere (0.2u20130.05u202fhPa), likely caused by an overestimation of descent velocities. In contrast, upper-mesospheric temperatures (at 0.05u20130.001u202fhPa) are generally underestimated by the high-top models after the onset of the ES event, being indicative for too-slow descent and hence too-low NOx fluxes. As a consequence, the magnitude of the simulated NOx tongue is generally underestimated by these models. Descending NOx amounts simulated with medium-top models are on average closer to the observations but show a large spread of up to several hundred percent. This is primarily attributed to the different vertical model domains in which the NOx upper boundary condition is applied. In general, the intercomparison demonstrates the ability of state-of-the-art atmospheric models to reproduce the EPP indirect effect in dynamically and geomagnetically quiescent NH winter conditions. The encountered differences between observed and simulated NOx, CO, and temperature distributions during the perturbed phase of the 2009 NH winter, however, emphasize the need for model improvements in the dynamical representation of elevated stratopause events in order to allow for a better description of the EPP indirect effect under these particular conditions. },
	author = {Bernd Funke and William Ball and Stefan Bender and Angela Gardini and V. Lynn Harvey and Alyn Lambert and Manuel L{\'{o}}pez-Puertas and Daniel R. Marsh and Katharina Meraner and Holger Nieder and Sanna-Mari Päivärinta and Kristell P{\'{e}}rot and Cora E. Randall and Thomas Reddmann and Eugene Rozanov and Hauke Schmidt and Annika Seppälä and Miriam Sinnhuber and Timofei Sukhodolov and Gabriele P. Stiller and Natalia D. Tsvetkova and Pekka T. Verronen and Stefan Versick and Thomas von Clarmann and Kaley A. Walker and Vladimir Yushkov},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-17-3573-2017},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {mar},
	number = {5},
	pages = {3573--3604},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {{HEPPA}-{II} model{\textendash}measurement intercomparison project: {EPP} indirect effects during the dynamically perturbed {NH} winter 2008{\textendash}2009},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-17-3573-2017},
	volume = {17},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Hendrickx2017GRLRIoNOPDitLT,
	author = {Koen Hendrickx and Linda Megner and Daniel R. Marsh and Jörg Gumbel and Rickard Strandberg and Felix Martinsson},
	doi = {10.1002/2017gl074786},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {oct},
	number = {19},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Relative Importance of Nitric Oxide Physical Drivers in the Lower Thermosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017gl074786},
	volume = {44},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Hervig-2017-GRL-MsaHlSlaitusam,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and Charles G. Bardeen and David E. Siskind and Michael J. Mills and Robert Stockwell},
	doi = {10.1002/2016gl072049},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {jan},
	number = {2},
	pages = {1150--1157},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Meteoric smoke and H $\less$sub$\greater$2$\less$/sub$\greater$ {SO} $\less$sub$\greater$4$\less$/sub$\greater$ aerosols in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016gl072049},
	volume = {44},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Hervig-2017-JoGRA-CoMSCaMIUSOWM,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and James S. A. Brooke and Wuhu Feng and Charles G. Bardeen and John M. C. Plane},
	doi = {10.1002/2017jd027657},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {dec},
	number = {24},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Constraints on Meteoric Smoke Composition and Meteoric Influx Using {SOFIE} Observations With Models},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017jd027657},
	volume = {122},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Huang-2017-JoGRSP-AaivigDftkdobT,
	author = {Y. Y. Huang and S. D. Zhang and C. Y. Li and H. J. Li and K. M. Huang and C. M. Huang},
	doi = {10.1002/2017ja023886},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {aug},
	number = {8},
	pages = {8985--9002},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Annual and interannual variations in global 6.5DWs from 20 to 110~km during 2002-2016 observed by {TIMED}/{SABER}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017ja023886},
	volume = {122},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ James-2017-JoAaSP-Sacoafidamsp,
	author = {Alexander D. James and Victoria L.F. Frankland and Josep M. Trigo-Rodr{\'{\i}}guez and Jacinto Alonso-Azc{\'{a}}rate and Juan Carlos G{\'{o}}mez Mart{\'{\i}}n and John M.C. Plane},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2016.08.011},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {178--191},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Synthesis and characterisation of analogues for interplanetary dust and meteoric smoke particles},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2016.08.011},
	volume = {162},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Karlsson2017JoCOHtMARCRttSCCttS,
	abstract = { Abstract n During high solar activity, the atmosphere receives more energy from the sun, particularly in the form of shortwave radiation. Most notable is the effect in the middle and upper atmosphere, which in general shows a positive temperature response due to physical and chemical processes that are intensified at high solar activity. It is thus surprising that a clear solar cycle signal is absent in the summer polar mesosphere region in spite of it being illuminated around the clock. In this study, it is investigated how the circulation in the summer mesosphere is affected by changes in the solar flux using a 30-yr run from the nudged version of the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM30). It is found thatu2014in Julyu2014the solar cycle signal from direct solar heating is counteracted by an enhanced residual circulation, which adiabatically cools the region at a higher rate when the solar activity is above average. The dynamical cooling is partly initiated in the Southern Hemisphere winter stratosphere. },
	author = {Bodil Karlsson and Maartje Kuilman},
	doi = {10.1175/jcli-d-17-0202.1},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	month = {dec},
	number = {1},
	pages = {401--421},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {On How the Middle Atmospheric Residual Circulation Responds to the Solar Cycle Close to the Solstices},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjcli-d-17-0202.1},
	volume = {31},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Kogure-2017-JoGRA-RloogwaftkaoStttA,
	author = {Masaru Kogure and Takuji Nakamura and Mitsumu K. Ejiri and Takanori Nishiyama and Yoshihiro Tomikawa and Masaki Tsutsumi and Hidehiko Suzuki and Takuo T. Tsuda and Takuya D. Kawahara and Makoto Abo},
	doi = {10.1002/2016jd026360},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {aug},
	number = {15},
	pages = {7869--7880},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Rayleigh/Raman lidar observations of gravity wave activity from 15 to 70~km altitude over Syowa (69{\textdegree}S, 40{\textdegree}E), the Antarctic},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016jd026360},
	volume = {122},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Kuilman2017JoAaSPEncvutnaevotCMAM,
	author = {Maartje Kuilman and Bodil Karlsson and Susanne Benze and Linda Megner},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2017.08.019},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {276--288},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Exploring noctilucent cloud variability using the nudged and extended version of the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2017.08.019},
	volume = {164},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Lednytskyy2017JoAaSPSoeaoitMrttyadsc,
	author = {Olexandr Lednyts{\textquotesingle}kyy and Christian {von Savigny} and Mark Weber},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2016.11.003},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {136--150},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Sensitivity of equatorial atomic oxygen in the {MLT} region to the 11-year and 27-day solar cycles},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2016.11.003},
	volume = {162},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Mangan-2017-JoAaSP-TfommiipEosaepb,
	author = {T.P. Mangan and V.L. Frankland and B.J. Murray and J.M.C. Plane},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2017.07.002},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {143--149},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {The fate of meteoric metals in ice particles: Effects of sublimation and energetic particle bombardment},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2017.07.002},
	volume = {161},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Martin2017JoGRAIomsitEa,
	author = {Juan Carlos G{\'{o}}mez Mart{\'{\i}}n and James S. A. Brooke and Wuhu Feng and Michael Höpfner and Michael J. Mills and John M. C. Plane},
	doi = {10.1002/2017jd027218},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {jul},
	number = {14},
	pages = {7678--7701},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Impacts of meteoric sulfur in the Earth{\textquotesingle}s atmosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017jd027218},
	volume = {122},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Matthes-2017-GMD-SffCv,
	abstract = { Abstract. This paper describes the recommended solar forcing dataset for CMIP6 and highlights changes with respect to CMIP5. The solar forcing is provided for radiative properties, namely total solar irradiance (TSI), solar spectral irradiance (SSI), and the F10.7 index as well as particle forcing, including geomagnetic indices Ap and Kp, and ionization rates to account for effects of solar protons, electrons, and galactic cosmic rays. This is the first time that a recommendation for solar-driven particle forcing has been provided for a CMIP exercise. The solar forcing datasets are provided at daily and monthly resolution separately for the CMIP6 preindustrial control, historical (1850u20132014), and future (2015u20132300) simulations. For the preindustrial control simulation, both constant and time-varying solar forcing components are provided, with the latter including variability on 11-year and shorter timescales but no long-term changes. For the future, we provide a realistic scenario of what solar behavior could be, as well as an additional extreme Maunder-minimum-like sensitivity scenario. This paper describes the forcing datasets and also provides detailed recommendations as to their implementation in current climate models.For the historical simulations, the TSI and SSI time series are defined as the average of two solar irradiance models that are adapted to CMIP6 needs: an empirical one (NRLTSI2u2013NRLSSI2) and a semi-empirical one (SATIRE). A new and lower TSI value is recommended: the contemporary solar-cycle average is now 1361.0u202fWu202fmu22122. The slight negative trend in TSI over the three most recent solar cycles in the CMIP6 dataset leads to only a small global radiative forcing of u22120.04u202fWu202fmu22122. In the 200u2013400u202fnm wavelength range, which is important for ozone photochemistry, the CMIP6 solar forcing dataset shows a larger solar-cycle variability contribution to TSI than in CMIP5 (50u202f% compared to 35u202f%).We compare the climatic effects of the CMIP6 solar forcing dataset to its CMIP5 predecessor by using time-slice experiments of two chemistryu2013climate models and a reference radiative transfer model. The differences in the long-term mean SSI in the CMIP6 dataset, compared to CMIP5, impact on climatological stratospheric conditions (lower shortwave heating rates of u22120.35u202fKu202fdayu22121 at the stratopause), cooler stratospheric temperatures (u22121.5u202fK in the upper stratosphere), lower ozone abundances in the lower stratosphere (u22123u202f%), and higher ozone abundances (+1.5u202f% in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere). Between the maximum and minimum phases of the 11-year solar cycle, there is an increase in shortwave heating rates (+0.2u202fKu202fdayu22121 at the stratopause), temperatures (u2009u223cu2009u202f1u202fK at the stratopause), and ozone (+2.5u202f% in the upper stratosphere) in the tropical upper stratosphere using the CMIP6 forcing dataset. This solar-cycle response is slightly larger, but not statistically significantly different from that for the CMIP5 forcing dataset.CMIP6 models with a well-resolved shortwave radiation scheme are encouraged to prescribe SSI changes and include solar-induced stratospheric ozone variations, in order to better represent solar climate variability compared to models that only prescribe TSI and/or exclude the solar-ozone response. We show that monthly-mean solar-induced ozone variations are implicitly included in the SPARC/CCMI CMIP6 Ozone Database for historical simulations, which is derived from transient chemistryu2013climate model simulations and has been developed for climate models that do not calculate ozone interactively. CMIP6 models without chemistry that perform a preindustrial control simulation with time-varying solar forcing will need to use a modified version of the SPARC/CCMI Ozone Database that includes solar variability. CMIP6 models with interactive chemistry are also encouraged to use the particle forcing datasets, which will allow the potential long-term effects of particles to be addressed for the first time. The consideration of particle forcing has been shown to significantly improve the representation of reactive nitrogen and ozone variability in the polar middle atmosphere, eventually resulting in further improvements in the representation of solar climate variability in global models. },
	author = {Katja Matthes and Bernd Funke and Monika E. Andersson and Luke Barnard and Jürg Beer and Paul Charbonneau and Mark A. Clilverd and Thierry Dudok de Wit and Margit Haberreiter and Aaron Hendry and Charles H. Jackman and Matthieu Kretzschmar and Tim Kruschke and Markus Kunze and Ulrike Langematz and Daniel R. Marsh and Amanda C. Maycock and Stergios Misios and Craig J. Rodger and Adam A. Scaife and Annika Seppälä and Ming Shangguan and Miriam Sinnhuber and Kleareti Tourpali and Ilya Usoskin and Max van de Kamp and Pekka T. Verronen and Stefan Versick},
	doi = {10.5194/gmd-10-2247-2017},
	journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
	month = {jun},
	number = {6},
	pages = {2247--2302},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Solar forcing for {CMIP}6 (v3.2)},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fgmd-10-2247-2017},
	volume = {10},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Nedoluha2017TSwvaIiosagmm,
	abstract = { Abstract. As part of the second SPARC (Stratosphere-troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate) water vapour assessment (WAVAS-II), we present measurements taken from, or coincident with, seven sites from which ground-based microwave instruments measure water vapor in the middle atmosphere. Six of the ground-based instruments are part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and provide datasets which can be used for drift and trend assessment. We compare measurements from these ground-based instruments with satellite datasets that have provided retrievals of water vapor in the lower mesosphere over extended periods since 1996. We first compare biases between the satellite and ground-based instruments from the upper stratosphere to the upper mesosphere. We then show a number of time series comparisons at 0.46u2009hPa, a level that is sensitive to changes in H2O and CH4 entering the stratosphere, but, because almost all CH4 has been oxidized, is relatively insensitive to dynamical variations. Interannual variations and drifts are investigated both with respect to the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) (from 2004 onwards), and with respect to each instrument's climatological mean. We find that the variation in the interannual difference in the mean H2O measured by any two instruments is typically ~u20091u2009%. Most of the datasets start in, or after, 2004, and show annual increases in H2O of 0u20131u2009%/year. In particular, MLS shows a trend of between 0.5u2009%/year and 0.7u2009%/year at the comparison sites. However the two longest measurement datasets used here, with measurements back to 1996, show a much smaller trend of between +0.1u2009%/year and u22120.1u2009%/year. },
	author = {Gerald E. Nedoluha and Michael Kiefer and Stefan Lossow and R. Michael Gomez and Niklaus Kämpfer and Martin Lainer and Peter Forkman and Ole Martin Christensen and Jung Jin Oh and Paul Hartogh and John Anderson and Klaus Bramstedt and Bianca M. Dinelli and Maya Garcia-Comas and Mark Hervig and Donal Murtagh and Piera Raspollini and William G. Read and Karen Rosenlof and Gabriele P. Stiller and Kaley A. Walker},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-2017-578},
	month = {jul},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {The {SPARC} water vapor assessment {II}: intercomparison of satellite and ground-based microwave measurements},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-2017-578},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Odegaard2017JoGRSPEepiwtmcirs,
	author = {Linn-Kristine Glesnes {\O}degaard and Hilde Nesse Tyss{\o}y and Finn S{\o}raas and Johan Stadsnes and Marit Irene Sandanger},
	doi = {10.1002/2016ja023096},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3},
	pages = {2900--2921},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Energetic electron precipitation in weak to moderate corotating interaction region-driven storms},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016ja023096},
	volume = {122},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Orsolini-2017-JoAaSP-MtdonodteseoJ,
	author = {Yvan J. Orsolini and Varavut Limpasuvan and Kristell P{\'{e}}rot and Patrick Espy and Robert Hibbins and Stefan Lossow and Katarina Raaholt Larsson and Donal Murtagh},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2017.01.006},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {50--61},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Modelling the descent of nitric oxide during the elevated stratopause event of January 2013},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2017.01.006},
	volume = {155},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Parihar-2017-AG-AcoghatwSmotI,
	abstract = { Abstract. Ground-based observations of OHu202f(6, 2) Meinel band nightglow were carried out at Ranchi (23.3u00b0u202fN, 85.3u00b0u202fE), India, during Januaryu2013Marchu00a02011, Decemberu00a02011u2013Mayu00a02012 and Decemberu00a02012u2013Marchu00a02013 using an all-sky imaging system. Near the mesopause, OH temperatures were derived from the OHu202f(6, 2) Meinel band intensity information. A limited comparison of OH temperatures (TOH) with SABER/TIMED measurements in 30u00a0cases was performed by defining almost coincident criterion of u00b11.5u00b0 latitudeu2013longitude and u00b13u202fmin of the ground-based observations. Using SABER OH 1.6 and 2.0u202fu00b5m volume emission rate profiles as the weighing function, two sets of OH-equivalent temperature (T1.u20096 and T2.u20090 respectively) were estimated from its kinetic temperature profile for comparison with OH nightglow measurements. Overall, fair agreement existed between ground-based and SABER measurements in the majority of events within the limits of experimental errors. Overall, the mean value of OH-derived temperatures and SABER OH-equivalent temperatures were 197.3u202fu00b1u202f4.6, 192.0u202fu00b1u202f10.8 and 192.7u202fu00b1u202f10.3u202fK, and the ground-based temperatures were 4u20135u202fK warmer than SABER values. A difference of 8u202fK or more is noted between two measurements when the peak of the OH emission layer lies in the vicinity of large temperature inversions. A comparison of OH temperatures derived using different sets of Einstein transition probabilities and SABER measurements was also performed; however, OH temperatures derived using Langhoff et al.u00a0(1986) transition probabilities were found to compare well. },
	author = {Navin Parihar and Dupinder Singh and Subramanian Gurubaran},
	doi = {10.5194/angeo-35-353-2017},
	journal = {Annales Geophysicae},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3},
	pages = {353--363},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {A comparison of ground-based hydroxyl airglow temperatures with {SABER}/{TIMED} measurements over 23{\textdegree} N, India},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fangeo-35-353-2017},
	volume = {35},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Plane-2017-SSR-IoCDoPAaS,
	author = {John M. C. Plane and George J. Flynn and Anni Määttänen and John E. Moores and Andrew R. Poppe and Juan Diego Carrillo-Sanchez and Constantino Listowski},
	doi = {10.1007/s11214-017-0458-1},
	journal = {Space Science Reviews},
	month = {dec},
	number = {1},
	publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
	title = {Impacts of Cosmic Dust on Planetary Atmospheres and Surfaces},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-017-0458-1},
	volume = {214},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Randall-2017-GRL-NAgoogwnk,
	author = {C. E. Randall and J. Carstens and J. A. France and V. L. Harvey and L. Hoffmann and S. M. Bailey and M. J. Alexander and J. D. Lumpe and J. Yue and B. Thurairajah and D. E. Siskind and Y. Zhao and M. J. Taylor and J. M. Russell},
	doi = {10.1002/2017gl073943},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {jul},
	number = {13},
	pages = {7044--7052},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {New {AIM}/{CIPS} global observations of gravity waves near 50-55~km},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017gl073943},
	volume = {44},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Ridder-2017-JoAaSP-Aossilooncuaprm,
	author = {C. Ridder and G. Baumgarten and J. Fiedler and F.-J. Lübken and G. Stober},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2017.04.005},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {48--56},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Analysis of small-scale structures in lidar observations of noctilucent clouds using a pattern recognition method},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2017.04.005},
	volume = {162},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Rong-2017-UplotgwmitACpmci,
	abstract = { Abstract. We aim to extract a universal law that governs the wave display throughout the gravity wave population. Wave display morphology and clarity level varies throughout the wave population manifested through the PMC albedo data. Higher clarity refers to more distinct exhibition of the features which often correspond to larger variances and better organized nature. A gravity wave tracking algorithm is applied to the PMC albedo data taken by the AIM Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) instrument to obtain a large ensemble of the gravity wave detections. The horizontal wavelengths in the range of ~u200920u201360u2009km are the focus of the study. It shows that the albedo CWT power statistically increases as the background gets brighter. We resample the wave detections to conform to a normal distribution to examine the wave morphology beyond the cloud brightness impact. Sample cases are selected at the two tails and the peak of the normal distribution to represent the full set of wave detections. For these cases the albedo CWT power spectra follow exponential decay toward smaller scales. The high albedo power category has the most rapid decay (i.e., exponentu2009=u2009u22123.2) and corresponds to the most distinct wave display. The wave display becomes increasingly more blurry for the medium and low power categories that hold the spectral exponents of u22122.9 and u22122.5, respectively. The majority of waves are straight waves whose clarity levels can be collapsed irrespective of the brightness levels but in the brighter background the wave signatures seem to exhibit mildly turbulent-like behavior. },
	author = {Pingping Rong and Jia Yue and James M. Russell III and David E. Siskind and Cora E. Randall},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-2017-733},
	month = {aug},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Universal power law of the gravity wave manifestation in the {AIM} {CIPS} polar mesospheric cloud images},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-2017-733},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Rusch-2017-JoAaSP-LipawsiwcobACiopmcEfmcwsd,
	author = {D. Rusch and G. Thomas and A. Merkel and J. Olivero and A. Chandran and J. Lumpe and J. Carstans and C. Randall and S. Bailey and J. Russell},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2016.04.018},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {97--105},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Large ice particles associated with small ice water content observed by {AIM} {CIPS} imagery of polar mesospheric clouds: Evidence for microphysical coupling with small-scale dynamics},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2016.04.018},
	volume = {162},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Savigny-2017-JoAaSP-Fioltisoonc,
	author = {Christian {von Savigny} and Matthew T. DeLand and Michael J. Schwartz},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2016.07.002},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {116--121},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {First identification of lunar tides in satellite observations of noctilucent clouds},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2016.07.002},
	volume = {162},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Stevens-2017-GRL-MmcobIoMTtcttua,
	author = {M. H. Stevens and D. E. Siskind and J. S. Evans and S. K. Jain and N. M. Schneider and J. Deighan and A. I. F. Stewart and M. Crismani and A. Stiepen and M. S. Chaffin and W. E. McClintock and G. M. Holsclaw and F. Lef{\`{e}}vre and D. Y. Lo and J. T. Clarke and F. Montmessin and B. M. Jakosky},
	doi = {10.1002/2017gl072717},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {may},
	number = {10},
	pages = {4709--4715},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Martian mesospheric cloud observations by {IUVS} on {MAVEN}: Thermal tides coupled to the upper atmosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017gl072717},
	volume = {44},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Stevens-2017-JoGRA-Popmcifamaafs,
	author = {M. H. Stevens and R. S. Lieberman and D. E. Siskind and J. P. McCormack and M. E. Hervig and C. R. Englert},
	doi = {10.1002/2016jd025349},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {apr},
	number = {8},
	pages = {4508--4527},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Periodicities of polar mesospheric clouds inferred from a meteorological analysis and forecast system},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016jd025349},
	volume = {122},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Thurairajah-2017-JoAaSP-SdvopmcftASaCe,
	author = {Brentha Thurairajah and Gary E. Thomas and Christian {von Savigny} and Martin Snow and Mark E. Hervig and Scott M. Bailey and Cora E. Randall},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2016.09.008},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {122--135},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Solar-induced 27-day variations of polar mesospheric clouds from the {AIM} {SOFIE} and {CIPS} experiments},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2016.09.008},
	volume = {162},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Thurairajah-2017-JoAaSP-SoogwaPafAeaProStt,
	author = {Brentha Thurairajah and Kaoru Sato and Jia Yue and Takuji Nakamura and Masashi Kohma and Scott M. Bailey and James M. Russell},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2017.10.006},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {324--331},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Simultaneous observation of gravity waves at {PMC} altitude from {AIM}/{CIPS} experiment and {PANSY} radar over Syowa (69{\textdegree}S, 39{\textdegree}E)},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2017.10.006},
	volume = {164},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Thurairajah-2017-JoGRA-Opomgwdtnhs,
	author = {Brentha Thurairajah and David E. Siskind and Scott M. Bailey and Justin N. Carstens and James M. Russell and Martin G. Mlynczak},
	doi = {10.1002/2016jd026008},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {may},
	number = {10},
	pages = {5063--5075},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Oblique propagation of monsoon gravity waves during the northern hemisphere 2007 summer},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016jd026008},
	volume = {122},
	year = "2017"
}

@article{ Bu2016CJoGCECopibsgwoipsdonc,
	abstract = "abstract = {Recent research has shown that the occurrence frequency and brightness of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) have been gradually increasing since first recorded in 1883; the trend is likely related to global warming and associated anthropogenic activity. The increasing trend is somewhat under debate, however, as not all studies on the subject have reached similar conclusions. Analysis of the thermodynamic mechanism remains necessary to confirm the impact of climate change and the surrounding atmosphere on this trend. Upward-propagating atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) are a thermodynamic process with significant effect on the upper mesosphere, which were addressed in this work by examining characteristics of perturbations induced by small-scale GWs on the ice particle size distribution (PSDs) of PMCs. Using the level_2 albedo images and particle effective radius data of both North (NH) and South (SH) hemispheres during 2007-2008 from the cloud imaging and particle size (CIPS) experiment, 6489 GW events were distinguished to calculate the corresponding PSDs. The differences of PSDs in the mean clouds formed in GW areas were employed to determine the effect of GWs with regard to latitude and throughout the PMCs seasons. Additionally, the amplitudes in particle radius and wavelength of GWs were used to explore the relationship between the GWs and clouds. The mean radius and width of PSDs in GW areas were 2.5 nm and 6.1 nm, respectively; less than those of mean clouds in the NH season. The differences were 1.1 nm and 7.9 nm in the SH season. The radius perturbations induced by GWs were almost negative at latitudes below 80 degrees for both hemispheres, and the absolute values decreased as latitude increased. These distributions reversed at latitudes above 80 degrees. Similarly, the absolute width decreased as latitude increased. Both the mean radius and width were dominated by negative perturbations during the starting and ending stages of the seasons, but increased to positive values in the middle of the seasons. These characteristics are consistent with the distributions of amplitude in particle size induced by GWs regarding latitude and season. GW wavelengths also decreased as latitude increased, reaching larger values during the starting and ending stages but smaller values in the middle of both seasons. The magnitude of variations in the SH season was considerably larger than that in the NH season, and the change rate of perturbation amplitude in particle size varied with wavelength at 0.207 nm . km(-1) in the SH season and 0.163 nm . km(-1) in the NH season. According to our results and those found in the literature, we deduced that the parameters of PSDs in GW areas have direct relationship with GW properties (e.g., amplitude and wavelength.) Large amplitude and wavelength create large negative perturbation for the mean radius and width. The results presented here further suggest that the micro physical processes under the effect of GWs on ice crystals can be further studied via the cloud micro physical model. }",
	author = {Bu, Lingbing and Zu-Yi, Zhang and Gao, Haiyang and Chao-Yang, Huo and Wang, Zhen and Hong, Zhu},
	doi = {10.6038/cjg20160205},
	journal = {Chinese Journal of Geophysics- Chinese Edition},
	month = {02},
	pages = {453-464},
	title = {Characteristics of perturbations induced by small-scale gravity waves on ice particle size distribution of noctilucent clouds},
	volume = {59},
	year = {2016}
}

@article{ Christensen-2016-TrbPMCatbaaobOaO,
	abstract = { Abstract. In this study the properties of Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs) and the background atmosphere in which they exist are studied using measurements from two instruments, OSIRIS and SMR, on-board the Odin satellite. The data comes from a set of tomographic measurements conducted by the satellite during 2010 and 2011. The expected ice mass density and cloud frequency for conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium, calculated using the temperature and water vapour as measured by SMR, are compared to the ice mass density and cloud frequency as measured by OSIRIS. Similar to previous studies, we find that assuming thermodynamic equilibrium reproduces the seasonal, latitudinal and vertical variations in ice mass density and cloud frequency, but with a high bias of a factor of 2 in ice mass density. To explain this bias we use a simple ice particle growth model to estimate the time it would take for the observed clouds to sublimate completely and the time it takes for these clouds to reform. We find a difference in the median sublimation time (2.1 h) and the reformation time (3.2 h) at peak cloud altitudes (82u201384 km). This difference implies that temperature variations on these timescales have a tendency to reduce the ice content of the clouds, explaining the high bias of the equilibrium model. Finally, we detect, and are for the first time able to positively identify, cloud features with horizontal scales of 100 to 300 km extending far below the region of supersaturation (> 2 km). Using the growth model, we conclude these features cannot be explained by sedimentation alone, and suggest that these events may be indication of strong vertical transport. },
	author = {Ole Martin Christensen and Susanne Benze and Patrick Eriksson and Jörg Gumbel and Linda Megner and Donal P. Murtagh},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-2016-268},
	month = {apr},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {The relationship between Polar Mesospheric Clouds and their background atmosphere as observed by Odin-{SMR} and Odin-{OSIRIS}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-2016-268},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Dalin-2016-JoGRA-Acsolgwcincatoitutjs,
	author = {P. Dalin and N. Gavrilov and N. Pertsev and V. Perminov and A. Pogoreltsev and N. Shevchuk and A. Dubietis and P. Völger and M. Zalcik and A. Ling and S. Kulikov and A. Zadorozhny and G. Salakhutdinov and I. Grigoryeva},
	doi = {10.1002/2016jd025422},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {dec},
	number = {23},
	pages = {14,102--14,116},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {A case study of long gravity wave crests in noctilucent clouds and their origin in the upper tropospheric jet stream},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016jd025422},
	volume = {121},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Funke2016ACaPAsmfmasNpbepp,
	abstract = { Abstract. The MIPAS Fourier transform spectrometer on board Envisat has measured global distributions of the six principal reactive nitrogen (NOy) compounds (HNO3, NO2, NO, N2O5, ClONO2, and HNO4) during 2002u20132012. These observations were used previously to detect regular polar winter descent of reactive nitrogen produced by energetic particle precipitation (EPP) down to the lower stratosphere, often called the EPP indirect effect. It has further been shown that the observed fraction of NOy produced by EPP (EPP-NOy) has a nearly linear relationship with the geomagnetic Ap index when taking into account the time lag introduced by transport. Here we exploit these results in a semi-empirical model for computation of EPP-modulated NOy densities and wintertime downward fluxes through stratospheric and mesospheric pressure levels. Since the Ap dependence of EPP-NOy is distorted during episodes of strong descent in Arctic winters associated with elevated stratopause events, a specific parameterization has been developed for these episodes. This model accurately reproduces the observations from MIPAS and is also consistent with estimates from other satellite instruments. Since stratospheric EPP-NOy depositions lead to changes in stratospheric ozone with possible implications for climate, the model presented here can be utilized in climate simulations without the need to incorporate many thermospheric and upper mesospheric processes. By employing historical geomagnetic indices, the model also allows for reconstruction of the EPP indirect effect since 1850. We found secular variations of solar cycle-averaged stratospheric EPP-NOy depositions on the order of 1u202fGM. In particular, we model a reduction of the EPP-NOy deposition rate during the last 3 decades, related to the coincident decline of geomagnetic activity that corresponds to 1.8u202f% of the NOy production rate by N2O oxidation. As the decline of the geomagnetic activity level is expected to continue in the coming decades, this is likely to affect the long-term NOy trend by counteracting the expected increase caused by growing N2O emissions. },
	author = {Bernd Funke and Manuel L{\'{o}}pez-Puertas and Gabriele P. Stiller and Stefan Versick and Thomas von Clarmann},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-16-8667-2016},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {jul},
	number = {13},
	pages = {8667--8693},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {A semi-empirical model for mesospheric and stratospheric {NO}y produced by energetic particle precipitation},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-16-8667-2016},
	volume = {16},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Fytterer-2016-JoGRSP-Msosviitgbppitmalt,
	author = {T. Fytterer and S. Bender and U. Berger and H. Nieder and M. Sinnhuber and J. M. Wissing},
	doi = {10.1002/2015ja022291},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {oct},
	number = {10},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Model studies of short-term variations induced in trace gases by particle precipitation in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015ja022291},
	volume = {121},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Havnes-2016-JoGRA-Nsaipiodpitm,
	author = {O. Havnes and T. W. Hartquist},
	doi = {10.1002/2016jd025037},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {oct},
	number = {20},
	pages = {12,363--12,376},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Nanodust shedding and its potential influence on dust-related phenomena in the mesosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016jd025037},
	volume = {121},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Hervig-2016-JoAaSP-MmcatefSo,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and Michael Gerding and Michael H. Stevens and Robert Stockwell and Scott M. Bailey and James M. Russell and Gunter Stober},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2016.09.004},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {1--14},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Mid-latitude mesospheric clouds and their environment from {SOFIE} observations},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2016.09.004},
	volume = {149},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Hervig-2016-JoGRA-DviPaifctawvitum,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and Uwe Berger and David E. Siskind},
	doi = {10.1002/2015jd024439},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {mar},
	number = {5},
	pages = {2383--2392},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Decadal variability in {PMCs} and implications for changing temperature and water vapor in the upper mesosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015jd024439},
	volume = {121},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Jacobi-2016-AiRS-Mroomrlto,
	abstract = { Abstract. Meteor radar observations of mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) daily temperatures have been performed at Collm, Germany since Augustu00a02004. The data have been analyzed with respect to long-period oscillations at time scales of 2u201330u00a0days. The results reveal that oscillations with periods of up to 6u00a0days are more frequently observed during summer, while those with longer periods have larger amplitudes during winter. The oscillations may be considered as the signature of planetary waves. The results are compared with analyses from radar wind measurements. Moreover, the temperature oscillations show considerable year-to-year variability. In particular, amplitudes of the quasi 5-day oscillation have increased during the last decade, and the quasi 10-day oscillations are larger if the equatorial stratospheric winds are eastward. },
	author = {Ch. Jacobi and N. Samtleben and G. Stober},
	doi = {10.5194/ars-14-169-2016},
	journal = {Advances in Radio Science},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {169--174},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Meteor radar observations of mesopause region long-period temperature oscillations},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fars-14-169-2016},
	volume = {14},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ John-2016-CD-GnmpwaasuToftsttmt,
	author = {Sherine Rachel John and Karanam Kishore Kumar},
	doi = {10.1007/s00382-016-3046-2},
	journal = {Climate Dynamics},
	month = {feb},
	number = {12},
	pages = {3863--3881},
	publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
	title = {Global normal mode planetary wave activity: a study using {TIMED}/{SABER} observations from the stratosphere to the mesosphere-lower thermosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00382-016-3046-2},
	volume = {47},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Kremser-2016-RoG-Sapaioc,
	author = {Stefanie Kremser and Larry W. Thomason and Marc von Hobe and Markus Hermann and Terry Deshler and Claudia Timmreck and Matthew Toohey and Andrea Stenke and Joshua P. Schwarz and Ralf Weigel and Stephan Fueglistaler and Fred J. Prata and Jean-Paul Vernier and Hans Schlager and John E. Barnes and Juan-Carlos Antu{\~{n}}a-Marrero and Duncan Fairlie and Mathias Palm and Emmanuel Mahieu and Justus Notholt and Markus Rex and Christine Bingen and Filip Vanhellemont and Adam Bourassa and John M. C. Plane and Daniel Klocke and Simon A. Carn and Lieven Clarisse and Thomas Trickl and Ryan Neely and Alexander D. James and Landon Rieger and James C. Wilson and Brian Meland},
	doi = {10.1002/2015rg000511},
	journal = {Reviews of Geophysics},
	month = {may},
	number = {2},
	pages = {278--335},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Stratospheric aerosol-Observations, processes, and impact on climate},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015rg000511},
	volume = {54},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Nossal-2016-JoGRSP-Thrtiigg,
	author = {S. M. Nossal and L. Qian and S. C. Solomon and A. G. Burns and W. Wang},
	doi = {10.1002/2015ja022008},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {apr},
	number = {4},
	pages = {3545--3554},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Thermospheric hydrogen response to increases in greenhouse gases},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015ja022008},
	volume = {121},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Olsen2016AMTNtaprafhisosaavaAaC,
	abstract = { Abstract. Motivated by the initial selection of au00a0high-resolution solar occultation Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) to fly to Mars on the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, we have been developing algorithms for retrieving volume mixing ratio vertical profiles of trace gases, the primary component of which is au00a0new algorithm and software for retrieving vertical profiles of temperature and pressure from the spectra. In contrast to Earth-observing instruments, which can rely on accurate meteorological models, au00a0priori information, and spacecraft position, Mars retrievals require au00a0method with minimal reliance on such data. The temperature and pressure retrieval algorithms developed for this work were evaluated using Earth-observing spectra from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) FTS, au00a0solar occultation instrument in orbit since 2003, and the basis for the instrument selected for au00a0Mars mission. ACE-FTS makes multiple measurements during an occultation, separated in altitude by 1.5u20135u202fkm, and we analyse 10 CO2 vibrationu2013rotation bands at each altitude, each with au00a0different usable altitude range. We describe the algorithms and present results of their application and their comparison to the ACE-FTS data products. The Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) provides vertical profiles of temperature up to 40u202fkm with high vertical resolution. Using six satellites and GPS radio occultation, COSMIC's data product has excellent temporal and spatial coverage, allowing us to find coincident measurements with ACE with very tight criteria: less than 1.5u202fh and 150u202fkm. We present an intercomparison of temperature profiles retrieved from ACE-FTS using our algorithm, that of the ACE Science Team (v3.5), and from COSMIC. When our retrievals are compared to ACE-FTS v3.5, we find mean differences between u22125 and +2u202fK and that our retrieved profiles have no seasonal or zonal biases but do have au00a0warm bias in the stratosphere and au00a0cold bias in the mesosphere. When compared to COSMIC, we do not observe au00a0warm/cool bias and mean differences are between u22124 and +1u202fK. COSMIC comparisons are restricted to below 40u202fkm, where our retrievals have the best agreement with ACE-FTS v3.5. When comparing ACE-FTS v3.5 to COSMIC we observe au00a0cold bias in COSMIC of 0.5u202fK, and mean differences are between u22120.9 and +0.6u202fK. },
	author = {Kevin S. Olsen and Geoffrey C. Toon and Chris D. Boone and Kimberly Strong},
	doi = {10.5194/amt-9-1063-2016},
	journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3},
	pages = {1063--1082},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {New temperature and pressure retrieval algorithm for high-resolution infrared solar occultation spectroscopy: analysis and validation against {ACE}-{FTS} and {COSMIC}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-9-1063-2016},
	volume = {9},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Plane-2016-JoGRA-Scitmalt,
	author = {John M. C. Plane and Juan Carlos G{\'{o}}mez-Mart{\'{\i}}n and Wuhu Feng and Diego Janches},
	doi = {10.1002/2015jd024691},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {apr},
	number = {7},
	pages = {3718--3728},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Silicon chemistry in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015jd024691},
	volume = {121},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Rietmeijer-2016-I-Laomditusfsbdc,
	author = {F.J.M. Rietmeijer and V. Della Corte and M. Ferrari and A. Rotundi and R. Brunetto},
	doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2015.11.003},
	journal = {Icarus},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {217--234},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Laboratory analyses of meteoric debris in the upper stratosphere from settling bolide dust clouds},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2015.11.003},
	volume = {266},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Rong-2016-JoGRA-VASmmClVasc,
	author = {P. P. Rong and J. M. Russell and B. T. Marshall and D. E. Siskind and M. E. Hervig and L. L. Gordley and P. F. Bernath and K. A. Walker},
	doi = {10.1002/2016jd025415},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {nov},
	number = {21},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Version 1.3 {AIM} {SOFIE} measured methane ({CH} $\less$sub$\greater$4$\less$/sub$\greater$ ): Validation and seasonal climatology},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016jd025415},
	volume = {121},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Scales2016RoPiPCdpitnse,
	abstract = {Dusty (or complex) plasmas in the Earth’s middle and upper atmosphere ultimately result in exotic phenomena that are currently forefront research issues in the space science community. This paper presents some of the basic criteria and fundamental physical processes associated with the creation, evolution and dynamics of dusty plasmas in the near-Earth space environment. Recent remote sensing techniques to probe naturally created dusty plasma regions are also discussed. These include ground-based experiments employing high-power radio wave interaction. Some characteristics of the dusty plasmas that are actively produced by space-borne aerosol release experiments are discussed. Basic models that may be used to investigate the characteristics of such dusty plasma regions are presented.},
	author = {W A Scales and A Mahmoudian},
	doi = {10.1088/0034-4885/79/10/106802},
	journal = {Reports on Progress in Physics},
	month = {aug},
	number = {10},
	pages = {106802},
	publisher = {IOP Publishing},
	title = {Charged dust phenomena in the near-Earth space environment},
	url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/79/10/106802},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2016}
}

@article{ Sinnhuber-2016-JoGRSP-TromNtgfitasbS,
	author = {M. Sinnhuber and F. Friederich and S. Bender and J. P. Burrows},
	doi = {10.1002/2015ja022284},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {apr},
	number = {4},
	pages = {3603--3620},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {The response of mesospheric {NO} to geomagnetic forcing in 2002{\textendash}2012 as seen by {SCIAMACHY}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015ja022284},
	volume = {121},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Siskind-2016-ACaP-PouswtvitAsas,
	abstract = { Abstract. Using data from the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) and Aura satellites, we have categorized the interannual variability of winter- and springtime upper stratospheric methane (CH4). We further show the effects of this variability on the chemistry of the upper stratosphere throughout the following summer. Years with strong wintertime mesospheric descent followed by dynamically quiet springs, such as 2009, lead to the lowest summertime CH4. Years with relatively weak wintertime descent, but strong springtime planetary wave activity, such as 2011, have the highest summertime CH4. By sampling the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) according to the occultation pattern of the AIM Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE), we show that summertime upper stratospheric chlorine monoxide (ClO) almost perfectly anticorrelates with the CH4. This is consistent with the reaction of atomic chlorine with CH4 to form the reservoir species, hydrochloric acid (HCl). The summertime ClO for years with strong, uninterrupted mesospheric descent is about 50u202f% greater than in years with strong horizontal transport and mixing of high CH4 air from lower latitudes. Small, but persistent effects on ozone are also seen such that between 1 and 2u202fhPa, ozone is about 4u20135u202f% higher in summer for the years with the highest CH4 relative to the lowest. This is consistent with the role of the chlorine catalytic cycle on ozone. These dependencies may offer a means to monitor dynamical effects on the high-latitude upper stratosphere using summertime ClO measurements as a proxy. Additionally, these chlorine-controlled ozone decreases, which are seen to maximize after years with strong uninterrupted wintertime descent, represent a new mechanism by which mesospheric descent can affect polar ozone. Finally, given that the effects on ozone appear to persist much of the rest of the year, the consideration of winter/spring dynamical variability may also be relevant in studies of ozone trends. },
	author = {David E. Siskind and Gerald E. Nedoluha and Fabrizio Sassi and Pingping Rong and Scott M. Bailey and Mark E. Hervig and Cora E. Randall},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-16-7957-2016},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {jun},
	number = {12},
	pages = {7957--7967},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Persistence of upper stratospheric wintertime tracer variability into the Arctic spring and summer},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-16-7957-2016},
	volume = {16},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Toon-2016-ACaP-DgcaacsfakdaiutpoeftKi,
	abstract = { Abstract. About 66u00a0millionu00a0years ago, an asteroid about 10u202fkm in diameter struck the Yucatan Peninsula creating the Chicxulub crater. The crater has been dated and found to be coincident with the Cretaceousu2013Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event, one of six great mass extinctions in the last 600u00a0millionu00a0years. This event precipitated one of the largest episodes of rapid climate change in Earth's history, yet no modern three-dimensional climate calculations have simulated the event. Similarly, while there is an ongoing effort to detect asteroids that might hit Earth and to develop methods to stop them, there have been no modern calculations of the sizes of asteroids whose impacts on land would cause devastating effects on Earth. Here, we provide the information needed to initialize such calculations for the K-Pg impactor and for a 1u202fkm diameter impactor. There is considerable controversy about the details of the events that followed the Chicxulub impact. We proceed through the data record in the order of confidence that a climatically important material was present in the atmosphere. The climatic importance is roughly proportional to the optical depth of the material. Spherules with diameters of several hundred microns are found globally in an abundance that would have produced an atmospheric layer with an optical depth around 20, yet their large sizes would only allow them to stay airborne for a few days. They were likely important for triggering global wildfires. Soot, probably from global or near-global wildfires, is found globally in an abundance that would have produced an optical depth near 100, which would effectively prevent sunlight from reaching the surface. Nanometer-sized iron particles are also present globally. Theory suggests these particles might be remnants of the vaporized asteroid and target that initially remained as vapor rather than condensing on the hundred-micron spherules when they entered the atmosphere. If present in the greatest abundance allowed by theory, their optical depth would have exceeded 1000. Clastics may be present globally, but only the quartz fraction can be quantified since shock features can identify it. However, it is very difficult to determine the total abundance of clastics. We reconcile previous widely disparate estimates and suggest the clastics may have had an optical depth near 100. Sulfur is predicted to originate about equally from the impactor and from the Yucatan surface materials. By mass, sulfur is less than 10u202f% of the observed mass of the spheres and estimated mass of nanoparticles. Since the sulfur probably reacted on the surfaces of the soot, nanoparticles, clastics, and spheres, it is likely a minor component of the climate forcing; however, detailed studies of the conversion of sulfur gases to particles are needed to determine if sulfuric acid aerosols dominated in late stages of the evolution of the atmospheric debris. Numerous gases, including CO2, SO2 (or SO3), H2O, CO2, Cl, Br, and I, were likely injected into the upper atmosphere by the impact or the immediate effects of the impact such as fires across the planet. Their abundance might have increased relative to current ambient values by a significant fraction for CO2, and by factors of 100 to 1000 for the other gases. For the 1u202fkm impactor, nanoparticles might have had an optical depth of 1.5 if the impact occurred on land. If the impactor struck a densely forested region, soot from the forest fires might have had an optical depth of 0.1. Only S and I would be expected to be perturbed significantly relative to ambient gas-phase values. One kilometer asteroids impacting the ocean may inject seawater into the stratosphere as well as halogens that are dissolved in the seawater. For each of the materials mentioned, we provide initial abundances and injection altitudes. For particles, we suggest initial size distributions and optical constants. We also suggest new observations that could be made to narrow the uncertainties about the particles and gases generated by large impacts. },
	author = {Owen B. Toon and Charles Bardeen and Rolando Garcia},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-16-13185-2016},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {oct},
	number = {20},
	pages = {13185--13212},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Designing global climate and atmospheric chemistry simulations for 1 and 10 km diameter asteroid impacts using the properties of ejecta from the K-Pg impact},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-16-13185-2016},
	volume = {16},
	year = "2016"
}

@article{ Zalcik2016TJotRASoCRASoCNANCOiaAaC,
	abstract = {North American observations of noctilucent clouds (NLC) in the periods 1964–1977 and 1988–2014 are compared. Between the two study periods there has been no change in the activity profile of the NLC season; nor has there been any trend in NLC incidence. When comparing individual sites, it was determined that at Broadview, Sask. (50.4N 102.6W) and The Pas, Man. (54.0N 101.1W), there were no significant trends in incidence nor brightness.},
	author = {Zalcik, M. and Lohvinenko, Todd and Dalin, Peter and Denig, William},
	journal = {The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. Royal Astronomical Society of Canada},
	month = {02},
	pages = {8-15},
	title = {North American Noctilucent Cloud Observations in 1964-77 and 1988-2014: Analysis and Comparisons},
	volume = {110},
	year = {2016}
}

@article{ Asmus-2015-JoAaSP-Cbftmwmdp,
	author = {H. Asmus and S. Robertson and S. Dickson and M. Friedrich and L. Megner},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2014.07.010},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {may},
	pages = {137--149},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Charge balance for the mesosphere with meteoric dust particles},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2014.07.010},
	volume = {127},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Bailey-2015-JoAaSP-CnaloopmcTeotapsd,
	author = {Scott M. Bailey and Gary E. Thomas and Mark E. Hervig and Jerry D. Lumpe and Cora E. Randall and Justin N. Carstens and Brentha Thurairajah and David W. Rusch and James M. Russell and Larry L. Gordley},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2015.02.007},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {may},
	pages = {51--65},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Comparing nadir and limb observations of polar mesospheric clouds: The effect of the assumed particle size distribution},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2015.02.007},
	volume = {127},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Berger-2015-JoGRA-TimilitNHd,
	author = {U. Berger and F.-J. Lübken},
	doi = {10.1002/2015jd023355},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {nov},
	number = {21},
	pages = {11,277--11,298},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Trends in mesospheric ice layers in the Northern Hemisphere during 1961-2013},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015jd023355},
	volume = {120},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Dalin-2015-GRL-Eotfoncdtpoaigwcbatof,
	author = {P. Dalin and A. Pogoreltsev and N. Pertsev and V. Perminov and N. Shevchuk and A. Dubietis and M. Zalcik and S. Kulikov and A. Zadorozhny and D. Kudabayeva and A. Solodovnik and G. Salakhutdinov and I. Grigoryeva},
	doi = {10.1002/2014gl062776},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {mar},
	number = {6},
	pages = {2037--2046},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Evidence of the formation of noctilucent clouds due to propagation of an isolated gravity wave caused by a tropospheric occluded front},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014gl062776},
	volume = {42},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Frankland-2015-JoAaSP-TuoHomsa,
	author = {Victoria L. Frankland and Alexander D. James and Wuhu Feng and John M.C. Plane},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2015.01.010},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {may},
	pages = {150--160},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {The uptake of {HNO}3 on meteoric smoke analogues},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2015.01.010},
	volume = {127},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Gong-2015-JoGRA-GsocgwiAiaEa,
	author = {Jie Gong and Jia Yue and Dong L. Wu},
	doi = {10.1002/2014jd022527},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {mar},
	number = {6},
	pages = {2210--2228},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Global survey of concentric gravity waves in {AIRS} images and {ECMWF} analysis},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014jd022527},
	volume = {120},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Hervig-2015-JoAaSP-TioPowvadbPvfSo,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and David E. Siskind and Scott M. Bailey and James M. Russell},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2015.07.010},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {124--134},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {The influence of {PMCs} on water vapor and drivers behind {PMC} variability from {SOFIE} observations},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2015.07.010},
	volume = {132},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Iimura-2015-AG-Isavotdpwfmrwm,
	abstract = { Abstract. A study of the quasi-5-day wave (5DW) was performed using meteor radars at conjugate latitudes in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. These radars are located at Esrange, Sweden (68u00b0 N) and Juliusruh, Germany (55u00b0 N) in the Northern Hemisphere, and at Tierra del Fuego, Argentina (54u00b0 S) and Rothera Station, Antarctica (68u00b0 S) in the Southern Hemisphere. The analysis was performed using data collected during simultaneous measurements by the four radars from June 2010 to December 2012 at altitudes from 84 to 96 km. The 5DW was found to exhibit significant short-term, seasonal, and interannual variability at all sites. Typical events had planetary wave periods that ranged between 4 and 7 days, durations of only a few cycles, and infrequent strongly peaked variances and covariances. Winds exhibited rotary structures that varied strongly among sites and between events, and maximum amplitudes up to ~ 20 m su22121. Mean horizontal velocity covariances tended to be largely negative at all sites throughout the interval studied. },
	author = {H. Iimura and D. C. Fritts and D. Janches and W. Singer and N. J. Mitchell},
	doi = {10.5194/angeo-33-1349-2015},
	journal = {Annales Geophysicae},
	month = {nov},
	number = {11},
	pages = {1349--1359},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Interhemispheric structure and variability of the 5-day planetary wave from meteor radar wind measurements},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fangeo-33-1349-2015},
	volume = {33},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Kiliani-2015-Iopsotmonc,
	abstract = { Abstract. Noctilucent clouds (NLC) occur during summer in the polar region at altitudes around 83 km. They consist of ice particles with a typical size around 50 nm. The shape of NLC particles is less well known, but important both for interpreting optical measurements and modeling ice cloud characteristics. In this paper, NLC modeling is adapted to use cylindrical instead of spherical particle shape. The optical properties of the resulting ice clouds are compared directly to NLC 3-color measurements by the ALOMAR RMR-Lidar between 1998 and 2014. Shape distributions including both needle- and disc-shaped particles are consistent with lidar measurements. The best agreement occurs if disc shapes are 60 % more common than needles, with a mean axis ratio of 2.8. Cylindrical particles cause stronger ice clouds on average than spherical shapes by ≈ 30 %, this difference is less pronounced for bright than for weak ice clouds. Cylindrical shapes also cause NLC to have larger but a smaller number of ice particles than for spherical shapes. },
	author = {J. Kiliani and G. Baumgarten and F.-J. Lübken and U. Berger},
	doi = {10.5194/acpd-15-16019-2015},
	month = {jun},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Impact of particle shape on the morphology of noctilucent clouds},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facpd-15-16019-2015},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Kirkwood-2015-AG-IaNpitpmdhswsmvacwNeobO,
	abstract = { Abstract. Precipitation of high-energy electrons (EEP) into the polar middle atmosphere is a potential source of significant production of odd nitrogen, which may play a role in stratospheric ozone destruction and in perturbing large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. High-speed streams of solar wind (HSS) are a major source of energization and precipitation of electrons from the Earth's radiation belts, but it remains to be determined whether these electrons make a significant contribution to the odd-nitrogen budget in the middle atmosphere when compared to production by solar protons or by lower-energy (auroral) electrons at higher altitudes, with subsequent downward transport. Satellite observations of EEP are available, but their accuracy is not well established. Studies of the ionization of the atmosphere in response to EEP, in terms of cosmic-noise absorption (CNA), have indicated an unexplained seasonal variation in HSS-related effects and have suggested possible order-of-magnitude underestimates of the EEP fluxes by the satellite observations in some circumstances. Here we use a model of ionization by EEP coupled with an ion chemistry model to show that published average EEP fluxes, during HSS events, from satellite measurements (Meredith et al., 2011), are fully consistent with the published average CNA response (Kavanagh et al., 2012). The seasonal variation of CNA response can be explained by ion chemistry with no need for any seasonal variation in EEP. Average EEP fluxes are used to estimate production rate profiles of nitric oxide between 60 and 100 km heights over Antarctica for a series of unusually well separated HSS events in austral winter 2010. These are compared to observations of changes in nitric oxide during the events, made by the sub-millimetre microwave radiometer on the Odin spacecraft. The observations show strong increases of nitric oxide amounts between 75 and 90 km heights, at all latitudes poleward of 60u00b0 S, about 10 days after the arrival of the HSS. These are of the same order of magnitude but generally larger than would be expected from direct production by HSS-associated EEP, indicating that downward transport likely contributes in addition to direct production. },
	author = {S. Kirkwood and A. Osepian and E. Belova and J. Urban and K. P{\'{e}}rot and A. K. Sinha},
	doi = {10.5194/angeo-33-561-2015},
	journal = {Annales Geophysicae},
	month = {may},
	number = {5},
	pages = {561--572},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Ionization and {NO} production in the polar mesosphere during high-speed solar wind streams: model validation and comparison with {NO} enhancements observed by Odin-{SMR}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fangeo-33-561-2015},
	volume = {33},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Mangan-2015-JoAaSP-CtiaHiRtpmcp,
	author = {T.P. Mangan and V.L. Frankland and J.M.C. Plane},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2015.03.004},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {may},
	pages = {92--96},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {{CO}2 trapping in amorphous H2O ice: Relevance to polar mesospheric cloud particles},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2015.03.004},
	volume = {127},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Miller-2015-GRL-SiopmcAnwosad,
	author = {A. D. Miller and D. C. Fritts and D. Chapman and G. Jones and M. Limon and D. Araujo and J. Didier and S. Hillbrand and C. B. Kjellstrand and A. Korotkov and G. Tucker and Y. Vinokurov and K. Wan and L. Wang},
	doi = {10.1002/2015gl064758},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {jul},
	number = {14},
	pages = {6058--6065},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Stratospheric imaging of polar mesospheric clouds: A new window on small-scale atmospheric dynamics},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015gl064758},
	volume = {42},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Plane-2015-CR-TMaMCaC,
	author = {John M. C. Plane and Wuhu Feng and Erin C. M. Dawkins},
	doi = {10.1021/cr500501m},
	journal = {Chemical Reviews},
	month = {mar},
	number = {10},
	pages = {4497--4541},
	publisher = {American Chemical Society ({ACS})},
	title = {The Mesosphere and Metals: Chemistry and Changes},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr500501m},
	volume = {115},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Proud-2015-IGaRSL-OoPMCbGSS,
	author = {Simon Proud},
	doi = {10.1109/lgrs.2015.2399532},
	journal = {{IEEE} Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters},
	month = {jun},
	number = {6},
	pages = {1332--1336},
	publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ({IEEE})},
	title = {Observation of Polar Mesospheric Clouds by Geostationary Satellite Sensors},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1109%2Flgrs.2015.2399532},
	volume = {12},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Rong-2015-JoGRA-HwdftpmciaobtCiotAs,
	author = {P. P. Rong and J. Yue and J. M. Russell and J. D. Lumpe and J. Gong and D. L. Wu and C. E. Randall},
	doi = {10.1002/2014jd022813},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {jun},
	number = {11},
	pages = {5564--5584},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Horizontal winds derived from the polar mesospheric cloud images as observed by the {CIPS} instrument on the {AIM} satellite},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014jd022813},
	volume = {120},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Siskind-2015-GRL-Iahmantstc,
	author = {D. E. Siskind and F. Sassi and C. E. Randall and V. L. Harvey and M. E. Hervig and S. M. Bailey},
	doi = {10.1002/2015gl065838},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {oct},
	number = {19},
	pages = {8225--8230},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Is a high-altitude meteorological analysis necessary to simulate thermosphere-stratosphere coupling?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015gl065838},
	volume = {42},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Siskind-2015-JoAaSP-Essatcftoopmc,
	author = {David E. Siskind and Douglas R. Allen and Cora E. Randall and V. Lynn Harvey and Mark E. Hervig and Jerry Lumpe and Brentha Thurairajah and Scott M. Bailey and James M. Russell},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2015.06.014},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {74--81},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Extreme stratospheric springs and their consequences for the onset of polar mesospheric clouds},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2015.06.014},
	volume = {132},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Stray-2015-JoAaSP-CoqpwitNMds,
	author = {Nora H. Stray and Patrick J. Espy and Varavut Limpasuvan and Robert E. Hibbins},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2014.12.003},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {may},
	pages = {30--36},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Characterisation of quasi-stationary planetary waves in the Northern {MLT} during summer},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2014.12.003},
	volume = {127},
	year = "2015"
}

@incollection{ Thomas-2015-CAFvNC,
	author = {G.E. Thomas},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences},
	doi = {10.1016/b978-0-12-382225-3.00243-7},
	pages = {189--195},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	title = {{CLOUDS} {AND} {FOG} $\vert$ Noctilucent Clouds},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-382225-3.00243-7},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Thomas-2015-JoAaSP-SdvomtawvftASeDopmcv,
	author = {Gary E. Thomas and Brentha Thurairajah and Mark E. Hervig and Christian {von Savigny} and Martin Snow},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2015.09.015},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {56--68},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Solar-induced 27-day variations of mesospheric temperature and water vapor from the {AIM} {SOFIE} experiment: Drivers of polar mesospheric cloud variability},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2015.09.015},
	volume = {134},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ VenkateswaraRao-2015-GRL-OeotioAsovomad,
	author = {N. {Venkateswara Rao} and P. J. Espy and R. E. Hibbins and D. C. Fritts and A. J. Kavanagh},
	doi = {10.1002/2015gl065432},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {oct},
	number = {19},
	pages = {7853--7859},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Observational evidence of the influence of Antarctic stratospheric ozone variability on middle atmosphere dynamics},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015gl065432},
	volume = {42},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Wit-2015-AG-Citmarttmssw,
	abstract = { Abstract. The previously reported observation of anomalous eastward gravity wave forcing at mesopause heights around the onset of the January 2013 major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) over Trondheim, Norway (63u00b0 N, 10u00b0 E), is placed in a global perspective using Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) temperature observations from the Aura satellite. It is shown that this anomalous forcing results in a clear cooling over Trondheim about 10 km below mesopause heights. Conversely, near the mesopause itself, where the gravity wave forcing was measured, observations with meteor radar, OH airglow and MLS show no distinct cooling. Polar cap zonal mean temperatures show a similar vertical profile. Longitudinal variability in the high northern-latitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) is characterized by a quasi-stationary wave-1 structure, which reverses phase at altitudes below ~ 0.1 hPa. This wave-1 develops prior to the SSW onset, and starts to propagate westward at the SSW onset. The latitudinal pole-to-pole temperature structure associated with the major SSW shows a warming (cooling) in the winter stratosphere (mesosphere) which extends to about 40u00b0 N. In the stratosphere, a cooling extending over the equator and far into the summer hemisphere is observed, whereas in the mesosphere an equatorial warming is noted. In the Southern Hemisphere mesosphere, a warm anomaly overlaying a cold anomaly is present, which is shown to propagate downward in time. This observed structure is in accordance with the temperature perturbations predicted by the proposed interhemispheric coupling mechanism for cases of increased winter stratospheric planetary wave activity, of which major SSWs are an extreme case. These results provide observational evidence for the interhemispheric coupling mechanism, and for the wave-mean flow interaction believed to be responsible for the establishment of the anomalies in the summer hemisphere. },
	author = {R. J. de Wit and R. E. Hibbins and P. J. Espy and E. A. Hennum},
	doi = {10.5194/angeo-33-309-2015},
	journal = {Annales Geophysicae},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3},
	pages = {309--319},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Coupling in the middle atmosphere related to the 2013 major sudden stratospheric warming},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fangeo-33-309-2015},
	volume = {33},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Zhao-2015-JoAaSP-Isgwaitspm,
	author = {Y. Zhao and M.J. Taylor and C.E. Randall and J.D. Lumpe and D.E. Siskind and S.M. Bailey and J.M. Russell},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2015.03.008},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {may},
	pages = {8--20},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Investigating seasonal gravity wave activity in the summer polar mesosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2015.03.008},
	volume = {127},
	year = "2015"
}

@article{ Asmus-2014-JoAaSP-OthnomiomspMm,
	author = {Heiner Asmus and Henrike Wilms and Boris Strelnikov and Markus Rapp},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2014.03.009},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {180--189},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {On the heterogeneous nucleation of mesospheric ice on meteoric smoke particles: Microphysical modeling},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2014.03.009},
	volume = {118},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Bailey-2014-GRL-AmtaottsdtbtSSW,
	author = {S. M. Bailey and B. Thurairajah and C. E. Randall and L. Holt and D. E. Siskind and V. L. Harvey and K. Venkataramani and M. E. Hervig and P. Rong and J. M. Russell},
	doi = {10.1002/2014gl059860},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {jul},
	number = {14},
	pages = {5216--5222},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {A multi tracer analysis of thermosphere to stratosphere descent triggered by the 2013 Stratospheric Sudden Warming},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014gl059860},
	volume = {41},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Baumgarten-2014-JoGRA-QKidoincMao,
	author = {Gerd Baumgarten and David C. Fritts},
	doi = {10.1002/2014jd021832},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {aug},
	number = {15},
	pages = {9324--9337},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Quantifying Kelvin-Helmholtz instability dynamics observed in noctilucent clouds: 1. Methods and observations},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014jd021832},
	volume = {119},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Belova-2014-JoAaSP-MoopmsedtPcotJ,
	author = {E. Belova and S. Kirkwood and R. Latteck and M. Zecha and H. Pinedo and J. Hedin and J. Gumbel},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2014.06.011},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {199--205},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Multi-radar observations of polar mesosphere summer echoes during the {PHOCUS} campaign on 20{\textendash}22 July 2011},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2014.06.011},
	volume = {118},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Campbell-2014-JoGRA-TgeotmsClAtms,
	author = {Patrick Campbell and Michael Mills and Terry Deshler},
	doi = {10.1002/2013jd020503},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {jan},
	number = {2},
	pages = {1015--1030},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {The global extent of the mid stratospheric {CN} layer: A three-dimensional modeling study},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2013jd020503},
	volume = {119},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Darack-2014-W-TESPIStASaMSP,
	author = {Ed Darack},
	doi = {10.1080/00431672.2014.918786},
	journal = {Weatherwise},
	month = {jun},
	number = {4},
	pages = {12--23},
	publisher = {Informa {UK} Limited},
	title = {The Extraordinary Sky Part I: Seeking the Atmosphere{\textquotesingle}s Strangest and Most Spectacular Phenomena},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00431672.2014.918786},
	volume = {67},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Demissie-2014-ACaP-CasogwoincoN,
	abstract = { Abstract. Four years of noctilucent cloud (NLC) images from an automated digital camera in Trondheim and results from a ray-tracing model are used to extend the climatology of gravity waves to higher latitudes and to identify their sources during summertime. The climatology of the summertime gravity waves detected in NLC between 64 and 74u00b0 N is similar to that observed between 60 and 64u00b0 N by Pautet et al. (2011). The direction of propagation of gravity waves observed in the NLC north of 64u00b0 N is a continuation of the north and northeast propagation as observed in south of 64u00b0 N. However, a unique population of fast, short wavelength waves propagating towards the SW is observed in the NLC, which is consistent with transverse instabilities generated in situ by breaking gravity waves (Fritts and Alexander, 2003). The relative amplitude of the waves observed in the NLC Mie scatter have been combined with ray-tracing results to show that waves propagating from near the tropopause, rather than those resulting from secondary generation in the stratosphere or mesosphere, are more likely to be the sources of the prominent wave structures observed in the NLC. The coastal region of Norway along the latitude of 70u00b0 N is identified as the primary source region of the waves generated near the tropopause. },
	author = {T. D. Demissie and P. J. Espy and N. H. Kleinknecht and M. Hatlen and N. Kaifler and G. Baumgarten},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-14-12133-2014},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {nov},
	number = {22},
	pages = {12133--12142},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Characteristics and sources of gravity waves observed in noctilucent cloud over Norway},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-14-12133-2014},
	volume = {14},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Gardner-2014-JoGRSP-ItgcdittEaflootvfomN,
	author = {Chester S. Gardner and Alan Z. Liu and D. R. Marsh and Wuhu Feng and J. M. C. Plane},
	doi = {10.1002/2014ja020383},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {sep},
	number = {9},
	pages = {7870--7879},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Inferring the global cosmic dust influx to the Earth{\textquotesingle}s atmosphere from lidar observations of the vertical flux of mesospheric Na},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014ja020383},
	volume = {119},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Havnes-2014-JoAaSP-OtsdocfoNdpatrtmsp,
	author = {O. Havnes and J. Gumbel and T. Antonsen and J. Hedin and C. La Hoz},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2014.03.008},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {190--198},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {On the size distribution of collision fragments of {NLC} dust particles and their relevance to meteoric smoke particles},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2014.03.008},
	volume = {118},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Hedin-2014-JoAaSP-TMmsps,
	author = {Jonas Hedin and Frank Giovane and Tomas Waldemarsson and Jörg Gumbel and Jürgen Blum and Rhonda M. Stroud and Layne Marlin and John Moser and David E. Siskind and Kjell Jansson and Russell W. Saunders and Michael E. Summers and Philipp Reissaus and Jacek Stegman and John M.C. Plane and Mih{\'{a}}ly Hor{\'{a}}nyi},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2014.03.003},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {127--144},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {The {MAGIC} meteoric smoke particle sampler},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2014.03.003},
	volume = {118},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Hervig-2014-JoGRA-ItySPrwSo,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and Michael H. Stevens},
	doi = {10.1002/2014jd021923},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {nov},
	number = {22},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Interpreting the 35 year {SBUV} {PMC} record with {SOFIE} observations},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014jd021923},
	volume = {119},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Hirai-2014-PaSS-MicotALDDiIsAotspsdI,
	author = {Takayuki Hirai and Michael J. Cole and Masayuki Fujii and Sunao Hasegawa and Takeo Iwai and Masanori Kobayashi and Ralf Srama and Hajime Yano},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pss.2014.05.009},
	journal = {Planetary and Space Science},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {87--97},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Microparticle impact calibration of the Arrayed Large-Area Dust Detectors in {INterplanetary} space ({ALADDIN}) onboard the solar power sail demonstrator {IKAROS}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2014.05.009},
	volume = {100},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Hultgren-2014-JoGRA-TasvotlopmcfO,
	author = {Kristoffer Hultgren and Jörg Gumbel},
	doi = {10.1002/2014jd022435},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {dec},
	number = {24},
	pages = {14,129--14,143},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Tomographic and spectral views on the lifecycle of polar mesospheric clouds from Odin/{OSIRIS}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014jd022435},
	volume = {119},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Listowski-2014-I-MtmoCicwwcpitmm,
	author = {C. Listowski and A. Määttänen and F. Montmessin and A. Spiga and F. Lef{\`{e}}vre},
	doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2014.04.022},
	journal = {Icarus},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {239--261},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Modeling the microphysics of {CO}2 ice clouds within wave-induced cold pockets in the martian mesosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2014.04.022},
	volume = {237},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Mlynczak-2014-JoGRA-AhitmrdfSAtbmuar,
	author = {Martin G. Mlynczak and Linda A. Hunt and B. Thomas Marshall and Christopher J. Mertens and Daniel R. Marsh and Anne K. Smith and James M. Russell and David E. Siskind and Larry L. Gordley},
	doi = {10.1002/2013jd021263},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {mar},
	number = {6},
	pages = {3516--3526},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Atomic hydrogen in the mesopause region derived from {SABER}: Algorithm theoretical basis, measurement uncertainty, and results},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2013jd021263},
	volume = {119},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Plane-2014-JoAaSP-Acragsotslacditum,
	author = {John M.C. Plane and Russell W. Saunders and Jonas Hedin and Jacek Stegman and Misha Khaplanov and Jörg Gumbel and Kristina A. Lynch and Phillip J. Bracikowski and Lynette J. Gelinas and Martin Friedrich and Sandra Blindheim and Michael Gausa and Bifford P. Williams},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2013.11.008},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {151--160},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {A combined rocket-borne and ground-based study of the sodium layer and charged dust in the upper mesosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2013.11.008},
	volume = {118},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Robertson-2014-JoAaSP-Domspitmbarms,
	author = {Scott Robertson and Shannon Dickson and Mihaly Hor{\'{a}}nyi and Zoltan Sternovsky and Martin Friedrich and Diego Janches and Linda Megner and Bifford Williams},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2013.07.007},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {161--179},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Detection of meteoric smoke particles in the mesosphere by a rocket-borne mass spectrometer},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2013.07.007},
	volume = {118},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Rong-2014-JoGRA-NPbzvaicwtawv,
	author = {P. P. Rong and J. M. Russell and C. E. Randall and S. M. Bailey and A. Lambert},
	doi = {10.1002/2013jd020513},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {mar},
	number = {5},
	pages = {2390--2408},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Northern {PMC} brightness zonal variability and its correlation with temperature and water vapor},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2013jd020513},
	volume = {119},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Russell-2014-JoGRA-Aonmncousdam,
	author = {James M. Russell and Pingping Rong and Mark E. Hervig and David E. Siskind and Michael H. Stevens and Scott M. Bailey and Jörg Gumbel},
	doi = {10.1002/2013jd021017},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {mar},
	number = {6},
	pages = {3238--3250},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Analysis of northern midlatitude noctilucent cloud occurrences using satellite data and modeling},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2013jd021017},
	volume = {119},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Siskind-2014-GRL-Smwatqdw,
	author = {D. E. Siskind and J. P. McCormack},
	doi = {10.1002/2013gl058875},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {jan},
	number = {2},
	pages = {717--722},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Summer mesospheric warmings and the quasi 2 day wave},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2013gl058875},
	volume = {41},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Stevens-2014-JoAaSP-SsepitltAtads,
	author = {Michael H. Stevens and Stefan Lossow and David E. Siskind and R.R. Meier and Cora E. Randall and James M. Russell and Jo Urban and Donal Murtagh},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2013.12.004},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {50--60},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Space shuttle exhaust plumes in the lower thermosphere: Advective transport and diffusive spreading},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2013.12.004},
	volume = {108},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Thurairajah-2014-JoGRA-GwadrsswefStm,
	author = {Brentha Thurairajah and Scott M. Bailey and Chihoko Yamashita Cullens and Mark E. Hervig and James M. Russell},
	doi = {10.1002/2014jd021763},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {jul},
	number = {13},
	pages = {8091--8103},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Gravity wave activity during recent stratospheric sudden warming events from {SOFIE} temperature measurements},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014jd021763},
	volume = {119},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Yue-2014-JoGRA-CgwipmcftCIaPSe,
	author = {Jia Yue and Brentha Thurairajah and Lars Hoffmann and Joan Alexander and Amal Chandran and Michael J. Taylor and James M. Russell and Cora E. Randall and Scott M. Bailey},
	doi = {10.1002/2013jd021385},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {may},
	number = {9},
	pages = {5115--5127},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Concentric gravity waves in polar mesospheric clouds from the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size experiment},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2013jd021385},
	volume = {119},
	year = "2014"
}

@article{ Baumann-2013-AG-MsiotDcbtrorismaomr,
	abstract = { Abstract. This work investigates the influence of meteoric smoke particles (MSP) on the charge balance in the D-region ionosphere. Both experimental in situ measurements and a one-dimensional ionospheric model reveal a clear impact of MSP on the ionospheric composition of the D-region. The study reviews rocket-borne in situ measurements of electron and positive ion density, which show a distinct deficit of electrons in comparison to positive ions between 80 and 95 km. This deficit can be explained by the ambient negatively charged MSP measured simultaneously with a Faraday cup. The influence of MSP on the D-region charge balance is addressed with a simplified ionospheric model with only six components, i.e. electrons, positive and negative ions and neutral and charged MSP (both signs). The scheme includes reactions of plasma captured by MSP and MSP photo reactions as well as the standard ionospheric processes, e.g. ion-ion recombination. The model shows that the capture of plasma constituents by MSP is an important process leading to scavenging of electrons. Since Faraday cup measurements are biased towards heavy MSP because of aerodynamical filtering, we have applied an estimate of this filter on the modelled MSP densities. By doing that, we find good qualitative agreement between the experimental data and our model results. In addition, the model study reveals an increase of positive ions in the presence of MSP. That is primarily caused by the reduced dissociative recombination with electrons which have been removed from the gas phase by the MSP. },
	author = {C. Baumann and M. Rapp and A. Kero and C.-F. Enell},
	doi = {10.5194/angeo-31-2049-2013},
	journal = {Annales Geophysicae},
	month = {nov},
	number = {11},
	pages = {2049--2062},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Meteor smoke influences on the D-region charge balance {\textendash} review of recent in situ measurements and one-dimensional model results},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fangeo-31-2049-2013},
	volume = {31},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Dekemper-2013-AMT-Zpatasdffppr,
	abstract = { Abstract. We present a passive method for the retrieval of atmospheric pressure profiles based on the measurement of the apparent flattening of the solar disk as observed through the atmosphere by a spaceborne imager. This method was applied to simulated sunsets. It relies on accurate representation of the solar disk, including its limb darkening, and how its image is affected by atmospheric refraction. The Zernike polynomials are used to quantify the flattening in the Sun images. The inversion algorithm relies on a transfer matrix providing the link between the atmospheric pressure profile and a sequence of Zernike moments computed on the sunset frames. The transfer matrix is determined by a training dataset of pressure profiles generated from a standard climatology. The performance and limitations of the method are assessed by two test cases. Pressure profiles similar to the training dataset show that retrieval error can be up to 10 times smaller than the natural variability in the lower mesosphere, and up to 500 times smaller in the upper troposphere. Tests with other independent profiles emphasize the need for better representativeness of the training dataset. },
	author = {E. Dekemper and F. Vanhellemont and N. Mateshvili and G. Franssens and D. Pieroux and C. Bingen and C. Robert and D. Fussen},
	doi = {10.5194/amt-6-823-2013},
	journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3},
	pages = {823--835},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Zernike polynomials applied to apparent solar disk flattening for pressure profile retrievals},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-6-823-2013},
	volume = {6},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Corte2013TBCaPMMCacspcitusfaus,
	abstract = { Nanometre CaO and pure carbon smoke particles were collected at 38-km altitude in the upper stratosphere in the Arctic during June 2008 using DUSTER (Dust in the Upper Stratosphere Tracking Experiment and Retrieval). This balloon-borne instrument was designed for non-destructive collection of solid particles between 200 nm to 40 µm. We report here on micrometre CaCO3 (calcite) grains with evidence of thermal erosion and smoke particles that formed after melting and vaporisation and complete dissociation of some of the CaCO3 grains at temperatures of approximately 3500 K. These conditions and processes suggest that the environment of this dust was a dense dust cloud that had formed after disintegration of a carbonaceous meteoroid during deceleration in the atmosphere. The balloon-borne collector must have coincidentally travelled through the dust cloud of a recent bolide event that had penetrated between 38.5 and 37 km altitude. This work identified a previously unknown meteoric smoke forming process in addition to meteoric smoke particles due to photolysis-driven oxidation of mesospheric metals from meteor ablation that had settled into the upper stratosphere. },
	author = {Vincenzo {Della Corte} and Franciscus J. M. Rietmeijer and Alessandra Rotundi and Marco Ferrari and Pasquale Palumbo},
	doi = {10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.20174},
	eprint = { https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.20174 },
	journal = {Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology},
	number = {1},
	pages = {20174},
	publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
	title = {Meteoric CaO and carbon smoke particles collected in the upper stratosphere from an unanticipated source},
	url = { https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.20174 },
	volume = {65},
	year = {2013}
}

@article{ Feng-2013-JoGRA-Agamomi,
	author = {Wuhu Feng and Daniel R. Marsh and Martyn P. Chipperfield and Diego Janches and Josef Höffner and Fan Yi and John M. C. Plane},
	doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50708},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {aug},
	number = {16},
	pages = {9456--9474},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {A global atmospheric model of meteoric iron},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgrd.50708},
	volume = {118},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Gerding-2013-JoGRA-Ncvampfholoaamstt,
	author = {M. Gerding and J. Höffner and P. Hoffmann and M. Kopp and F.-J. Lübken},
	doi = {10.1029/2012jd018319},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {jan},
	number = {2},
	pages = {317--328},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Noctilucent cloud variability and mean parameters from 15{\hspace{0.167em}}years of lidar observations at a mid-latitude site (54{\textdegree}N, 12{\textdegree}E)},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2012jd018319},
	volume = {118},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Hervig-2013-JoAaSP-IcoPatefSo,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and David E. Siskind and Michael H. Stevens and Lance E. Deaver},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2012.10.013},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {285--298},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Inter-hemispheric comparison of {PMCs} and their environment from {SOFIE} observations},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2012.10.013},
	volume = {104},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Kaifler-2013-ACaP-Qowilooncasfstm,
	abstract = { Abstract. We present small-scale structures and waves observed in noctilucent clouds (NLC) by lidar at an unprecedented temporal resolution of 30 s or less. The measurements were taken with the Rayleigh/Mie/Raman lidar at the ALOMAR observatory in northern Norway (69u00b0 N) in the years 2008u20132011. We find multiple layer NLC in 7.9% of the time for a brightness threshold of u03b4 u03b2 = 12 u00d7 10u221210 mu22121 sru22121. In comparison to 10 min averaged data, the 30 s dataset shows considerably more structure. For limited periods, quasi-monochromatic waves in NLC altitude variations are common, in accord with ground-based NLC imagery. For the combined dataset, on the other hand, we do not find preferred periods but rather significant periods at all timescales observed (1 min to 1 h). Typical wave amplitudes in the layer vertical displacements are 0.2 km with maximum amplitudes up to 2.3 km. Average spectral slopes of temporal altitude and brightness variations are u22122.01 u00b1 0.25 for centroid altitude, u22121.41 u00b1 0.24 for peak brightness and u22121.73 u00b1 0.25 for integrated brightness. Evaluating a new single-pulse detection system, we observe altitude variations of 70 s period and spectral slopes down to a scale of 10 s. We evaluate the suitability of NLC parameters as tracers for gravity waves. },
	author = {N. Kaifler and G. Baumgarten and J. Fiedler and F.-J. Lübken},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-13-11757-2013},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {dec},
	number = {23},
	pages = {11757--11768},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Quantification of waves in lidar observations of noctilucent clouds at scales from seconds to minutes},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-13-11757-2013},
	volume = {13},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Kaifler-2013-JoAaSP-SssoNoblatatprtgw,
	author = {N. Kaifler and G. Baumgarten and A.R. Klekociuk and S.P. Alexander and J. Fiedler and F.-J. Lübken},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2013.01.004},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {244--252},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Small scale structures of {NLC} observed by lidar at 69{\textdegree}N/69{\textdegree}S and their possible relation to gravity waves},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2013.01.004},
	volume = {104},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Kiliani-2013-JoAaSP-Tascotfosnc,
	author = {J. Kiliani and G. Baumgarten and F.-J. Lübken and U. Berger and P. Hoffmann},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2013.01.005},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {151--166},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Temporal and spatial characteristics of the formation of strong noctilucent clouds},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2013.01.005},
	volume = {104},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Lavstovivcka2013JoGRSPTituaaiRp,
	author = {Jan La{\v{s}}tovi{\v{c}}ka},
	doi = {10.1002/jgra.50341},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {jun},
	number = {6},
	pages = {3924--3935},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere: Recent progress},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgra.50341},
	volume = {118},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Lumpe-2013-JoAaSP-RopmcpfCAdeaacds,
	author = {J.D. Lumpe and S.M. Bailey and J.N. Carstens and C.E. Randall and D.W. Rusch and G.E. Thomas and K. Nielsen and C. Jeppesen and W.E. McClintock and A.W. Merkel and L. Riesberg and B. Templeman and G. Baumgarten and J.M. Russell},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2013.06.007},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {167--196},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Retrieval of polar mesospheric cloud properties from {CIPS}: Algorithm description, error analysis and cloud detection sensitivity},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2013.06.007},
	volume = {104},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Mlynczak-2013-JoGRA-Raecotgamaocitmr,
	author = {Martin G. Mlynczak and Linda H. Hunt and Christopher J. Mertens and B. Thomas Marshall and James M. Russell and Manuel L{\'{o}}pez Puertas and Anne K. Smith and David E. Siskind and Jeffrey C. Mast and R. Earl Thompson and Larry L. Gordley},
	doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50400},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {jun},
	number = {11},
	pages = {5796--5802},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Radiative and energetic constraints on the global annual mean atomic oxygen concentration in the mesopause region},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgrd.50400},
	volume = {118},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Murphy-2013-QJotRMS-Ootccosap,
	author = {D. M. Murphy and K. D. Froyd and J. P. Schwarz and J. C. Wilson},
	doi = {10.1002/qj.2213},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	month = {nov},
	number = {681},
	pages = {1269--1278},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	title = {Observations of the chemical composition of stratospheric aerosol particles},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fqj.2213},
	volume = {140},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Salazar-2013-IJoRS-AncoaitmausbaaoGodt,
	author = {Ver{\'{o}}nica Salazar and Jean-Baptiste Renard and Alain Hauchecorne and Slimane Bekki and Gwenaël Berthet},
	doi = {10.1080/01431161.2013.786196},
	journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
	month = {apr},
	number = {14},
	pages = {4986--5029},
	publisher = {Informa {UK} Limited},
	title = {A new climatology of aerosols in the middle and upper stratosphere by alternative analysis of {GOMOS} observations during 2002{\textendash}2006},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01431161.2013.786196},
	volume = {34},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Siskind-2013-GRL-RoohmdpmcAltst,
	author = {David E. Siskind and Michael H. Stevens and Mark E. Hervig and Cora E. Randall},
	doi = {10.1002/grl.50540},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {jun},
	number = {11},
	pages = {2813--2817},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Recent observations of high mass density polar mesospheric clouds: A link to space traffic?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50540},
	volume = {40},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Siskind-2013-JoGRA-Coapmwoomhao,
	author = {David E. Siskind and Michael H. Stevens and Christoph R. Englert and M. G. Mlynczak},
	doi = {10.1029/2012jd017971},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {jan},
	number = {1},
	pages = {195--207},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Comparison of a photochemical model with observations of mesospheric hydroxyl and ozone},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2012jd017971},
	volume = {118},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Tschanz2013AMTVomcwvmbtgmrM,
	abstract = { Abstract. Middle atmospheric water vapour can be used as a tracer for dynamical processes. It is mainly measured by satellite instruments and ground-based microwave radiometers. Ground-based instruments capable of measuring middle-atmospheric water vapour are sparse but valuable as they complement satellite measurements, are relatively easy to maintain and have a long lifetime. MIAWARA-C is a ground-based microwave radiometer for middle-atmospheric water vapour designed for use on measurement campaigns for both atmospheric case studies and instrument intercomparisons. MIAWARA-C's retrieval version 1.1 (v1.1) is set up in a such way as to provide a consistent data set even if the instrument is operated from different locations on a campaign basis. The sensitive altitude range for v1.1 extends from 4 hPa (37 km) to 0.017 hPa (75 km). For v1.1 the estimated systematic error is approximately 10% for all altitudes. At lower altitudes it is dominated by uncertainties in the calibration, with altitude the influence of spectroscopic and temperature uncertainties increases. The estimated random error increases with altitude from 5 to 25%. MIAWARA-C measures two polarisations of the incident radiation in separate receiver channels, and can therefore provide two measurements of the same air mass with independent instrumental noise. The standard deviation of the difference between the profiles obtained from the two polarisations is in excellent agreement with the estimated random measurement error of v1.1. In this paper, the quality of v1.1 data is assessed for measurements obtained at two different locations: (1) a total of 25 months of measurements in the Arctic (Sodankylu00e4, 67.37u00b0 N, 26.63u00b0 E) and (2) nine months of measurements at mid-latitudes (Zimmerwald, 46.88u00b0 N, 7.46u00b0 E). For both locations MIAWARA-C's profiles are compared to measurements from the satellite experiments Aura MLS and MIPAS. In addition, comparisons to ACE-FTS and SOFIE are presented for the Arctic and to the ground-based radiometer MIAWARA for the mid-latitude campaigns. In general, all intercomparisons show high correlation coefficients, confirming the ability of MIAWARA-C to monitor temporal variations of the order of days. The biases are generally below 13% and within the estimated systematic uncertainty of MIAWARA-C. No consistent wet or dry bias is identified for MIAWARA-C. In addition, comparisons to the reference instruments indicate the estimated random error of v1.1 to be a realistic measure of the random variation on the retrieved profile between 45 and 70 km. },
	author = {B. Tschanz and C. Straub and D. Scheiben and K. A. Walker and G. P. Stiller and N. Kämpfer},
	doi = {10.5194/amt-6-1725-2013},
	journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
	month = {jul},
	number = {7},
	pages = {1725--1745},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Validation of middle-atmospheric campaign-based water vapour measured by the ground-based microwave radiometer {MIAWARA}-C},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-6-1725-2013},
	volume = {6},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Wilms-2013-ACaP-GwioNerfAtN,
	abstract = { Abstract. The influence of gravity waves on noctilucent clouds (NLC) at ALOMAR (69u00b0 N) is analysed by relating gravity wave activity to NLC occurrence from common-volume measurements. Gravity wave kinetic energies are derived from MF-radar wind data and filtered into different period ranges by wavelet transformation. From the dataset covering the years 1999u20132011, a direct correlation between gravity wave kinetic energy and NLC occurrence is not found, i.e., NLC appear independently of the simultaneously measured gravity wave kinetic energy. In addition, gravity wave activity is divided into weak and strong activity as compared to a 13 yr mean. The NLC occurrence rates during strong and weak activity are calculated separately for a given wave period and compared to each other. Again, for the full dataset no dependence of NLC occurrence on relative gravity wave activity is found. However, concentrating on 12 h of NLC detections during 2008, we do find an NLC-amplification with strong long-period gravity wave occurrence. Our analysis hence confirms previous findings that in general NLC at ALOMAR are not predominantly driven by gravity waves while exceptions to this rule are at least possible. },
	author = {H. Wilms and M. Rapp and P. Hoffmann and J. Fiedler and G. Baumgarten},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-13-11951-2013},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {dec},
	number = {23},
	pages = {11951--11963},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Gravity wave influence on {NLC}: experimental results from {ALOMAR}, 69{\textdegree} N},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-13-11951-2013},
	volume = {13},
	year = "2013"
}

@article{ Chandran-2012-JoGRA-AgweopmcAconsfCDwAo,
	author = {A. Chandran and D. W. Rusch and G. E. Thomas and S. E. Palo and G. Baumgarten and E. J. Jensen and A. W. Merkel},
	doi = {10.1029/2012jd017794},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {oct},
	number = {D20},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Atmospheric gravity wave effects on polar mesospheric clouds: A comparison of numerical simulations from {CARMA} 2D with {AIM} observations},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2012jd017794},
	volume = {117},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Chum-2012-JoGRSP-SiohpogwitioEaSA,
	author = {J. Chum and R. Athieno and J. Ba{\v{s}}e and D. Bure{\v{s}}ov{\'{a}} and F. Hru{\v{s}}ka and J. La{\v{s}}tovi{\v{c}}ka and L. A. McKinnell and T. {\v{S}}indel{\'{a}}{\v{r}}ov{\'{a}}},
	doi = {10.1029/2011ja017161},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {mar},
	number = {A3},
	pages = {n/a--n/a},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Statistical investigation of horizontal propagation of gravity waves in the ionosphere over Europe and South Africa},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011ja017161},
	volume = {117},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Day-2012-ACaP-MwtatadpwitmaltoBLOtNtW,
	abstract = { Abstract. Atmospheric temperatures and winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere have been measured simultaneously using the Aura satellite and a meteor radar at Bear Lake Observatory (42u00b0 N, 111u00b0 W), respectively. The data presented in this study is from the interval March 2008 to July 2011. The mean winds observed in the summer-time over Bear Lake Observatory show the meridional winds to be equatorward at meteor heights during Aprilu2212August and to reach monthly-mean velocities of u221212 m su22121. The mean winds are closely related to temperatures in this region of the atmosphere and in the summer the coldest mesospheric temperatures occur about the same time as the strongest equatorward meridional winds. The zonal winds are eastward through most of the year and in the summer strong eastward zonal wind shears of up to ~4.5 m su22121 kmu22121 are present. However, westward winds are observed at the upper heights in winter and sometimes during the equinoxes. Considerable inter-annual variability is observed in the mean winds and temperatures. Comparisons of the observed winds with URAP and HWM-07 reveal some large differences. Our radar zonal wind observations are generally more eastward than predicted by the URAP model zonal winds. Considering the radar meridional winds, in comparison to HWM-07 our observations reveal equatorward flow at all meteor heights in the summer whereas HWM-07 suggests that only weakly equatorward, or even poleward flows occur at the lower heights. However, the zonal winds observed by the radar and modelled by HWM-07 are generally similar in structure and strength. Signatures of the 16- and 5-day planetary waves are clearly evident in both the radar-wind data and Aura-temperature data. Short-lived wave events can reach large amplitudes of up to ~15 m su22121 and 8 K and 20 m su22121 and 10 K for the 16- and 5-day waves, respectively. A clear seasonal and short-term variability are observed in the 16- and 5-day planetary wave amplitudes. The 16-day wave reaches largest amplitude in winter and is also present in summer, but with smaller amplitudes. The 5-day wave reaches largest amplitude in winter and in late summer. An inter-annual variability in the amplitude of the planetary waves is evident in the four years of observations. Some 41 episodes of large-amplitude wave occurrence are identified. Temperature and wind amplitudes for these episodes, AT and AW, that passed the Student T-test were found to be related by, AT = 0.34 AW and AT = 0.62 AW for the 16- and 5-day wave, respectively. },
	author = {K. A. Day and M. J. Taylor and N. J. Mitchell},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-12-1571-2012},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {feb},
	number = {3},
	pages = {1571--1585},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Mean winds, temperatures and the 16- and 5-day planetary waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Bear Lake Observatory (42{\textdegree} N, 111{\textdegree} W)},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-12-1571-2012},
	volume = {12},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Fentzke-2012-GRL-Drmsantrutpfisr,
	author = {J. T. Fentzke and V. Hsu and C. G. M. Brum and I. Strelnikova and M. Rapp and M. Nicolls},
	doi = {10.1029/2012gl053841},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {nov},
	number = {21},
	pages = {n/a--n/a},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {D region meteoric smoke and neutral temperature retrieval using the poker flat incoherent scatter radar},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2012gl053841},
	volume = {39},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Hervig-2012-JoAaSP-TcacomsimipfSo,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and Lance E. Deaver and Charles G. Bardeen and James M. Russell and Scott M. Bailey and Larry L. Gordley},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2012.04.005},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1--6},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {The content and composition of meteoric smoke in mesospheric ice particles from {SOFIE} observations},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2012.04.005},
	volume = {84-85},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Morris-2012-JoAaSP-Eeoasciomtaidttasat,
	author = {Ray J. Morris and Josef Höffner and Franz-Josef Lübken and Timo P. Viehl and Bernd Kaifler and Andrew R. Klekociuk},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2012.08.007},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {54--61},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Experimental evidence of a stratospheric circulation influence on mesospheric temperatures and ice-particles during the 2010{\textendash}2011 austral summer at 69{\textdegree}S},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2012.08.007},
	volume = {89},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Pendlebury-2012-JoAaSP-Asotqwaieovosmt,
	author = {Diane Pendlebury},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2012.01.006},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {may},
	pages = {138--151},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {A simulation of the quasi-two-day wave and its effect on variability of summertime mesopause temperatures},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2012.01.006},
	volume = {80},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Plane-2012-CSR-Cditea,
	author = {John M. C. Plane},
	doi = {10.1039/c2cs35132c},
	journal = {Chemical Society Reviews},
	number = {19},
	pages = {6507},
	publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry ({RSC})},
	title = {Cosmic dust in the earth{\textquotesingle}s atmosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc2cs35132c},
	volume = {41},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Rong-2012-JoGRA-Trotawvadsotpmcs,
	author = {P. P. Rong and J. M. Russell and M. E. Hervig and S. M. Bailey},
	doi = {10.1029/2011jd016464},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {feb},
	number = {D4},
	pages = {n/a--n/a},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {The roles of temperature and water vapor at different stages of the polar mesospheric cloud season},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011jd016464},
	volume = {117},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Rosenberg-2012-JoAaSP-Peoheotcomd,
	author = {M. Rosenberg and R.H. Varney and M.C. Kelley and D. Paschall},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2011.10.011},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {124--128},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Possible effect of hyperthermal electrons on the charging of mesospheric dust},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2011.10.011},
	volume = {74},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Sassi-2012-JotAS-LRNMdSRNHW,
	abstract = { Abstract n Large-scale Rossby normal modes are studied for the Northern Hemisphere winters of 2005, 2006, 2008, and 2009 using global observational meteorological analyses spanning the 0u201392-km altitude range. Spectral analysis of geopotential height fields shows pronounced peaks at westward-propagating zonal wavenumber 1 near the theoretical locations of the free Rossby waves at 25, 16, 10, and 5 days that, in some cases, have amplitudes significantly larger than the estimated background spectrum. Evidence is also found for a wavenumber-2 free mode near 4 days. A coherence analysis is used to extract the amplitude and phase of the waves, and to isolate those regions of the latitude/altitude plane where the signals are statistically significant. Although the spectral location, temporal evolution, and vertical structure of several of these waves are suggestive of the presence of Rossby normal modes, this study shows that in the real atmosphere the waves only occasionally have the global properties of classical normal modes. Moreover, no evidence is found that the amplitudes of these modes are enhanced during stratospheric sudden warmings. },
	author = {F. Sassi and R. R. Garcia and K. W. Hoppel},
	doi = {10.1175/jas-d-11-0103.1},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3},
	pages = {820--839},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Large-Scale Rossby Normal Modes during Some Recent Northern Hemisphere Winters},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjas-d-11-0103.1},
	volume = {69},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Saunders-2012-ACaP-IomspwsaitEs,
	abstract = { Abstract. Nano-sized meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) with iron-magnesium silicate compositions, formed in the upper mesosphere as a result of meteoric ablation, may remove sulphuric acid from the gas-phase above 40 km and may also affect the composition and behaviour of supercooled H2SO4-H2O droplets in the global stratospheric aerosol (Junge) layer. This study describes a time-resolved spectroscopic analysis of the evolution of the ferric (Fe3+) ion originating from amorphous ferrous (Fe2+)-based silicate powders dissolved in varying Wt % sulphuric acid (30u201375 %) solutions over a temperature range of 223u2013295 K. Complete dissolution of the particles was observed under all conditions. The first-order rate coefficient for dissolution decreases at higher Wt % and lower temperature, which is consistent with the increased solution viscosity limiting diffusion of H2SO4 to the particle surfaces. Dissolution under stratospheric conditions should take less than a week, and is much faster than the dissolution of crystalline Fe2+ compounds. The chemistry climate model UMSLIMCAT (based on the UKMO Unified Model) was then used to study the transport of MSPs through the middle atmosphere. A series of model experiments were performed with different uptake coefficients. Setting the concentration of 1.5 nm radius MSPs at 80 km to 3000 cmu22123 (based on rocket-borne charged particle measurements), the model matches the reported Wt % Fe values of 0.5u20131.0 in Junge layer sulphate particles, and the MSP optical extinction between 40 and 75 km measured by a satellite-borne spectrometer, if the global meteoric input rate is about 20 tonnes per day. The model indicates that an uptake coefficient u22650.01 is required to account for the observed two orders of magnitude depletion of H2SO4 vapour above 40 km. },
	author = {R. W. Saunders and S. Dhomse and W. S. Tian and M. P. Chipperfield and J. M. C. Plane},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-12-4387-2012},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {may},
	number = {10},
	pages = {4387--4398},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Interactions of meteoric smoke particles with sulphuric acid in the Earth{\textquotesingle}s stratosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-12-4387-2012},
	volume = {12},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Siskind-2012-GRL-Lbtcsmatzmc,
	author = {David E. Siskind and Douglas P. Drob and John T. Emmert and Michael H. Stevens and Patrick E. Sheese and Edward J. Llewellyn and Mark E. Hervig and Rick Niciejewski and Andrew J. Kochenash},
	doi = {10.1029/2011gl050196},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {jan},
	number = {1},
	pages = {n/a--n/a},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Linkages between the cold summer mesopause and thermospheric zonal mean circulation},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011gl050196},
	volume = {39},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Smith-2012-SiG-GDotM,
	abstract = { Abstract n The transition between the middle atmosphere and the thermosphere is known as the MLT region (for mesosphere and lower thermosphere). This area has some characteristics that set it apart from other regions of the atmosphere. Most notably, it is the altitude region with the lowest overall temperature and has the unique characteristic that the temperature is much lower in summer than in winter. The summer-to-winter-temperature gradient is the result of adiabatic cooling and warming associated with a vigorous circulation driven primarily by gravity waves. Tides and planetary waves also contribute to the circulation and to the large dynamical variability in the MLT. The past decade has seen much progress in describing and understanding the dynamics of the MLT and the interactions of dynamics with chemistry and radiation. This review describes recent observations and numerical modeling as they relate to understanding the dynamical processes that control the MLT and its variability. Results from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), which is a comprehensive high-top general circulation model with interactive chemistry, are used to illustrate the dynamical processes. Selected observations from the Sounding the Atmosphere with Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument are shown for comparison. WACCM simulations of MLT dynamics have some differences with observations. These differences and other questions and discrepancies described in recent papers point to a number of ongoing uncertainties about the MLT dynamical system. },
	author = {Anne K. Smith},
	doi = {10.1007/s10712-012-9196-9},
	journal = {Surveys in Geophysics},
	month = {jun},
	number = {6},
	pages = {1177--1230},
	publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
	title = {Global Dynamics of the {MLT}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10712-012-9196-9},
	volume = {33},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Stevens-2012-JoGRA-VoumalttmbtSOfIE,
	author = {Michael H. Stevens and Lance E. Deaver and Mark E. Hervig and James M. Russell and David E. Siskind and Patrick E. Sheese and Edward J. Llewellyn and Richard L. Gattinger and Josef Höffner and B. T. Marshall},
	doi = {10.1029/2012jd017689},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {aug},
	number = {D16},
	pages = {n/a--n/a},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Validation of upper mesospheric and lower thermospheric temperatures measured by the Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2012jd017689},
	volume = {117},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Stevens-2012-JoGRA-Bpmcfbmeeftssfl,
	author = {Michael H. Stevens and Stefan Lossow and Jens Fiedler and Gerd Baumgarten and Franz-Josef Lübken and Kristofer Hallgren and Paul Hartogh and Cora E. Randall and Jerry Lumpe and Scott M. Bailey and R. Niciejewski and R. R. Meier and John M. C. Plane and Andrew J. Kochenash and Donal P. Murtagh and Christoph R. Englert},
	doi = {10.1029/2012jd017638},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {oct},
	number = {D19},
	pages = {n/a--n/a},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Bright polar mesospheric clouds formed by main engine exhaust from the space shuttle{\textquotesingle}s final launch},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2012jd017638},
	volume = {117},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Tan-2012-JoGRA-ZgtftkdfSaW,
	author = {Bo Tan and Xinzhao Chu and Han-Li Liu and Chihoko Yamashita and James M. Russell},
	doi = {10.1029/2011jd016750},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {may},
	number = {D10},
	pages = {n/a--n/a},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Zonal-mean global teleconnection from 15 to 110 km derived from {SABER} and {WACCM}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011jd016750},
	volume = {117},
	year = "2012"
}

@article{ Chu-2011-GRL-FloopmcaFtaMttA,
	author = {Xinzhao Chu and Wentao Huang and Weichun Fong and Zhibin Yu and Zhangjun Wang and John A. Smith and Chester S. Gardner},
	doi = {10.1029/2011gl048373},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {aug},
	number = {16},
	pages = {n/a--n/a},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {First lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds and Fe temperatures at {McMurdo} (77.8{\textdegree}S, 166.7{\textdegree}E), Antarctica},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011gl048373},
	volume = {38},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Dalin-2011-JoAaSP-AcbgooncaAsd,
	author = {P. Dalin and N. Pertsev and A. Dubietis and M. Zalcik and A. Zadorozhny and M. Connors and I. Schofield and T. McEwan and I. McEachran and S. Frandsen and O. Hansen and H. Andersen and V. Sukhodoev and V. Perminov and R. Bal{\v{c}}iunas and V. Romejko},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2011.01.020},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	number = {14-15},
	pages = {2097--2109},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {A comparison between ground-based observations of noctilucent clouds and Aura satellite data},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2011.01.020},
	volume = {73},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Day2011ACaPAMootwadpwitsmalt,
	abstract = { Abstract. The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite has been used to measure temperatures in the stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The data used here are from August 2004 to December 2010 and latitudes 75u00b0 N to 75u00b0 S. The temperature data reveal the regular presence of a westward-propagating 16-day planetary wave with zonal wavenumber 1. The wave amplitudes maximise in winter at middle to high latitudes, where monthly-mean amplitudes can be as large as ~8 K. Significant wave amplitudes are also observed in the summer-time mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) and at lower stratospheric heights of up to ~20 km at middle to high latitudes. Wave amplitudes in the Northern Hemisphere approach values twice as large as those in the Southern Hemisphere. Wave amplitudes are also closely related to mean zonal winds and are largest in regions of strongest eastward flow. There is a reduction in wave amplitudes at the stratopause. No significant wave amplitudes are observed near the equator or in the strongly westward background winds of the atmosphere in summer. This behaviour is interpreted as a consequence of wave/mean-flow interactions. Perturbations in wave amplitude summer MLT are compared to those simultaneously observed in the winter stratosphere of the opposite hemisphere and found to have a correlation coefficient of +0.22, suggesting a small degrees of inter-hemispheric coupling. We interpret this to mean that some of the summer-time MLT wave may originate in the winter stratosphere of the opposite hemisphere and have been ducted across the equator. We do not observe a significant QBO modulation of the 16-day wave amplitude in the polar summer-time MLT. Wave amplitudes were also observed to be suppressed during the major sudden stratospheric warming events of the Northern Hemisphere winters of 2006 and 2009. },
	author = {K. A. Day and R. E. Hibbins and N. J. Mitchell},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-11-4149-2011},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {may},
	number = {9},
	pages = {4149--4161},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = "Aura MLS observations of the westward-propagating s=1, 16-day planetary wave in the stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere",
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-11-4149-2011},
	volume = {11},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ DeLand-2011-JoAaSP-DooPltvbAO,
	author = {Matthew T. DeLand and Eric P. Shettle and Gary E. Thomas and John J. Olivero},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2010.11.019},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	number = {14-15},
	pages = {2049--2064},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Direct observations of {PMC} local time variations by Aura {OMI}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2010.11.019},
	volume = {73},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Dubietis-2011-AO-Ncmgpobadcn,
	author = {Audrius Dubietis and Peter Dalin and Ri{\v{c}}ardas Bal{\v{c}}i{\={u}}nas and Kazimieras {\v{C}}ernis and Nikolay Pertsev and Vladimir Sukhodoev and Vladimir Perminov and Mark Zalcik and Alexander Zadorozhny and Martin Connors and Ian Schofield and Tom McEwan and Iain McEachran and Soeren Frandsen and Ole Hansen and Holger Andersen and Jesper Gr{\o}nne and Dmitry Melnikov and Alexander Manevich and Vitaly Romejko},
	doi = {10.1364/ao.50.000f72},
	journal = {Applied Optics},
	month = {sep},
	number = {28},
	pages = {F72},
	publisher = {The Optical Society},
	title = {Noctilucent clouds: modern ground-based photographic observations by a digital camera network},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1364%2Fao.50.000f72},
	volume = {50},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ English-2011-ACaP-Msonpfitutals,
	abstract = { Abstract. Using a three-dimensional general circulation model with sulfur chemistry and sectional aerosol microphysics (WACCM/CARMA), we studied aerosol formation and microphysics in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) as well as the middle and upper stratosphere based on three nucleation schemes (two binary homogeneous schemes and an ion-mediated scheme related to one of the binary schemes). Simulations suggest that ion-mediated nucleation rates in the UTLS are 25 % higher than its related binary scheme, but that the rates predicted by the two binary schemes vary by two orders of magnitude. None of the nucleation schemes is superior at matching the limited observations available at the smallest sizes. However, it is found that coagulation, not nucleation, controls number concentration at sizes greater than approximately 10 nm. Therefore, based on this study, processes relevant to atmospheric chemistry and radiative forcing in the UTLS are not sensitive to the choice of nucleation schemes. The dominance of coagulation over other microphysical processes in the UTLS is consistent with other recent work using microphysical models. Simulations using all three nucleation schemes compare reasonably well to observations of size distributions, number concentration across latitude, and vertical profiles of particle mixing ratio in the UTLS. Interestingly, we find that we need to include Van der Waals forces in our coagulation scheme to match the UTLS aerosol concentrations. We conclude that this model can reasonably represent sulfate microphysical processes in the UTLS, and that the properties of particles at atmospherically relevant sizes appear to be insensitive to the details of the nucleation scheme. We also suggest that micrometeorites, which are not included in this model, dominate the aerosol properties in the upper stratosphere above about 30 km. },
	author = {J. M. English and O. B. Toon and M. J. Mills and F. Yu},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-11-9303-2011},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {sep},
	number = {17},
	pages = {9303--9322},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Microphysical simulations of new particle formation in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-11-9303-2011},
	volume = {11},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Gao-2011-JoGR-TeonertSeobT,
	author = {Hong Gao and Jiyao Xu and William Ward and Anne K. Smith},
	doi = {10.1029/2011jd015936},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	month = {oct},
	number = {D19},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Temporal evolution of nightglow emission responses to {SSW} events observed by {TIMED}/{SABER}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011jd015936},
	volume = {116},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Hayman-2011-JoAaSP-LpmoP,
	author = {Matthew Hayman and Jeffrey P. Thayer},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2010.08.007},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	number = {14-15},
	pages = {2110--2117},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Lidar polarization measurements of {PMCs}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2010.08.007},
	volume = {73},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Hervig2011JoAaSPOomipftAraS,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and Markus Rapp and Ralph Latteck and Larry L. Gordley},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2010.08.002},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	number = {14-15},
	pages = {2176--2183},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Observations of mesospheric ice particles from the {ALWIN} radar and {SOFIE}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2010.08.002},
	volume = {73},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Hultgren-2011-JoAaSP-WctemNCeiJ,
	author = {Kristoffer Hultgren and Heiner Körnich and Jörg Gumbel and Michael Gerding and Peter Hoffmann and Stefan Lossow and Linda Megner},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2010.12.008},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	number = {14-15},
	pages = {2125--2131},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {What caused the exceptional mid-latitudinal Noctilucent Cloud event in July 2009?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2010.12.008},
	volume = {73},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Kennedy2011JotBAANcoBawE,
	author = "Kennedy, K. ",
	bibcode = "2011JBAA..121..346K",
	journal = "Journal of the British Astronomical Association",
	month = "dec",
	number = "6",
	pages = "346-349",
	title = " Noctilucent cloud over Britain and western Europe, 2009-2010 ",
	volume = "121",
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Knappmiller-2011-JoAaSP-Comsaipitmipapr,
	author = {S. Knappmiller and M. Rapp and S. Robertson and J. Gumbel},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2011.01.008},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	number = {14-15},
	pages = {2212--2220},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Charging of meteoric smoke and ice particles in the mesosphere including photoemission and photodetachment rates},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2011.01.008},
	volume = {73},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Marshall-2011-AMT-RotapubsoSaar,
	abstract = { Abstract. Measurement of atmospheric temperature as a function of pressure, T(P), is key to understanding many atmospheric processes and a prerequisite for retrieving gas mixing ratios and other parameters from solar occultation measurements. This paper gives a brief overview of the solar occultation measurement technique followed by a detailed discussion of the mechanisms that make the measurement sensitive to temperature. Methods for retrieving T(P) using both broadband transmittance and refraction are discussed. Investigations using measurements of broadband transmittance in two CO2 absorption bands (the 4.3 and 2.7 u03bcm bands) and refractive bending are then presented. These investigations include sensitivity studies, simulated retrieval studies, and examples from SOFIE. },
	author = {B. T. Marshall and L. E. Deaver and R. E. Thompson and L. L. Gordley and M. J. McHugh and M. E. Hervig and J. M. Russell III},
	doi = {10.5194/amt-4-893-2011},
	journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
	month = {may},
	number = {5},
	pages = {893--907},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Retrieval of temperature and pressure using broadband solar occultation: {SOFIE} approach and results},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-4-893-2011},
	volume = {4},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Neely-2011-GRL-Ioedtmsitus,
	author = {Ryan R. Neely and Jason M. English and Owen B. Toon and Susan Solomon and Michael Mills and Jeffery P. Thayer},
	doi = {10.1029/2011gl049865},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {dec},
	number = {24},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Implications of extinction due to meteoritic smoke in the upper stratosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011gl049865},
	volume = {38},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Nielsen-2011-JoAaSP-OtoommcTJco,
	author = {Kim Nielsen and Gerald E. Nedoluha and Amal Chandran and Loren C. Chang and Jodie Barker-Tvedtnes and Michael J. Taylor and Nick J. Mitchell and Alyn Lambert and Michael J. Schwartz and James M. Russell III},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2010.10.015},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	number = {14-15},
	pages = {2118--2124},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {On the origin of mid-latitude mesospheric clouds: The July 2009 cloud outbreak},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2010.10.015},
	volume = {73},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Petelina-2011-JoGR-TomipsrfcacbsmbA,
	author = {S. V. Petelina and A. Y. Zasetsky},
	doi = {10.1029/2010jd015050},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	month = {feb},
	number = {D3},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Temperature of mesospheric ice particles simultaneously retrieved from 850 cm$\less$sup$\greater$-1$\less$/sup$\greater$libration and 3200 cm$\less$sup$\greater$-1$\less$/sup$\greater$vibration band spectra measured by {ACE}-{FTS}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2010jd015050},
	volume = {116},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Saunders-2011-I-Apmftpoonacda,
	author = {Russell W. Saunders and John M.C. Plane},
	doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2010.12.019},
	journal = {Icarus},
	month = {mar},
	number = {1},
	pages = {373--382},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {A photo-chemical method for the production of olivine nanoparticles as cosmic dust analogues},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2010.12.019},
	volume = {212},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Siskind-2011-JoAaSP-CorSHwvopmc,
	author = {David E. Siskind and Michael H. Stevens and Mark Hervig and Fabrizio Sassi and Karl Hoppel and Christoph R. Englert and Andrew J. Kochenash},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2011.06.014},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {aug},
	number = {13},
	pages = {2013--2021},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Consequences of recent Southern Hemisphere winter variability on polar mesospheric clouds},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2011.06.014},
	volume = {73},
	year = "2011"
}

@incollection{ Strelnikov-2011-ISMoSSiNaCA,
	author = {Boris Strelnikov and Markus Rapp},
	booktitle = {Aeronomy of the Earth{textquotesingle}s Atmosphere and Ionosphere},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1_6},
	pages = {83--91},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	title = {In Situ Measurements of Small-Scale Structures in Neutrals and Charged Aerosols},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0326-1_6},
	year = "2011"
}

@incollection{ Taylor-2011-HGWMiNCaPMC,
	author = {Michael J. Taylor and P.-D. Pautet and Y. Zhao and C.E. Randall and J. Lumpe and S.M. Bailey and J. Carstens and K. Nielsen and James M. Russell and J. Stegman},
	booktitle = {Aeronomy of the Earth{textquotesingle}s Atmosphere and Ionosphere},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1_7},
	pages = {93--105},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	title = {High-Latitude Gravity Wave Measurements in Noctilucent Clouds and Polar Mesospheric Clouds},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0326-1_7},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Tunbridge-2011-JoGR-ZwnotsdpwoitmbEAMLS,
	author = {V. M. Tunbridge and D. J. Sandford and N. J. Mitchell},
	doi = {10.1029/2010jd014567},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	month = {jun},
	number = {D11},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Zonal wave numbers of the summertime 2 day planetary wave observed in the mesosphere by {EOS} Aura Microwave Limb Sounder},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2010jd014567},
	volume = {116},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ Varney-2011-JoAaSP-Teddopmse,
	author = {Roger H. Varney and Michael C. Kelley and Michael J. Nicolls and Craig J. Heinselman and Richard L. Collins},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2010.07.020},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {sep},
	number = {14-15},
	pages = {2153--2165},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {The electron density dependence of polar mesospheric summer echoes},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2010.07.020},
	volume = {73},
	year = "2011"
}

@article{ DeLand-2010-JoGR-PmcPobtOMIOoA,
	author = {Matthew T. DeLand and Eric P. Shettle and Pieternel F. Levelt and Matthew G. Kowalewski},
	doi = {10.1029/2009jd013685},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	month = {nov},
	number = {D21},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Polar mesospheric clouds ({PMCs}) observed by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument ({OMI}) on Aura},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009jd013685},
	volume = {115},
	year = "2010"
}

@article{ Feofilov-2010-JoGR-RbmictawvdfOaTd,
	author = {A. G. Feofilov and S. V. Petelina},
	doi = {10.1029/2009jd013619},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	month = {sep},
	number = {D18},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Relation between mesospheric ice clouds, temperature, and water vapor determined from Odin/{OSIRIS} and {TIMED}/{SABER} data},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009jd013619},
	volume = {115},
	year = "2010"
}

@article{ Hervig2010JoGRTsapomifSOfIEo,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and Larry L. Gordley},
	doi = {10.1029/2010jd013918},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	month = {aug},
	number = {D15},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Temperature, shape, and phase of mesospheric ice from Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment observations},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2010jd013918},
	volume = {115},
	year = "2010"
}

@article{ Körnich-2010-AiSR-Asmfticotmac,
	author = {Heiner Körnich and Erich Becker},
	doi = {10.1016/j.asr.2009.11.001},
	journal = {Advances in Space Research},
	month = {mar},
	number = {5},
	pages = {661--668},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {A simple model for the interhemispheric coupling of the middle atmosphere circulation},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asr.2009.11.001},
	volume = {45},
	year = "2010"
}

@article{ Lee-2010-JoGRSP-ShmoosbaOerwtUWiatawsmal,
	author = {Y.-S. Lee and G. G. Shepherd},
	doi = {10.1029/2009ja014731},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics},
	month = {may},
	number = {A5},
	pages = {n/a--n/a},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Summer high-latitude mesospheric observations of supersonic bursts and O($\less$sup$\greater$1$\less$/sup$\greater$S) emission rate with the {UARS} {WINDII} instrument and the association with sprites, meteors, and lightning},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009ja014731},
	volume = {115},
	year = "2010"
}

@article{ Nielsen-2010-JoGR-SvotqdpwCacfpmcvi,
	author = {K. Nielsen and D. E. Siskind and S. D. Eckermann and K. W. Hoppel and L. Coy and J. P. McCormack and S. Benze and C. E. Randall and M. E. Hervig},
	doi = {10.1029/2009jd012676},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	month = {sep},
	number = {D18},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Seasonal variation of the quasi 5 day planetary wave: Causes and consequences for polar mesospheric cloud variability in 2007},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009jd012676},
	volume = {115},
	year = "2010"
}

@article{ Perot2010ACaPFcopmcfGsoi,
	abstract = { Abstract. GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars), on board the European platform ENVISAT launched in 2002, is a stellar occultation instrument combining four spectrometers and two fast photometers which measure light at 1 kHz sampling rate in the two visible channels 470u2013520 nm and 650u2013700 nm. On the day side, GOMOS does not measure only the light from the star, but also the solar light scattered by the atmospheric molecules. In the summer polar days, Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMC) are clearly detected using the photometers signals, as the solar light scattered by the cloud particles in the instrument field of view. The sun-synchronous orbit of ENVISAT allows observing PMC in both hemispheres and the stellar occultation technique ensures a very good geometrical registration. Four years of data, from 2002 to 2006, are analyzed up to now. GOMOS data set consists of approximately 10 000 cloud observations all over the eight PMC seasons studied. The first climatology obtained by the analysis of this data set is presented, focusing on the seasonal and latitudinal coverage, represented by global maps. GOMOS photometers allow a very sensitive PMC detection, showing a frequency of occurrence of 100% in polar regions during the middle of the PMC season. According to this work mesospheric clouds seem to be more frequent in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. The PMC altitude distribution was also calculated. The obtained median values are 82.7 km in the North and 83.2 km in the South. },
	author = {K. P{\'{e}}rot and A. Hauchecorne and F. Montmessin and J.-L. Bertaux and L. Blanot and F. Dalaudier and D. Fussen and E. Kyrölä},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-10-2723-2010},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {mar},
	number = {6},
	pages = {2723--2735},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {First climatology of polar mesospheric clouds from {GOMOS}/{ENVISAT} stellar occultation instrument},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-10-2723-2010},
	volume = {10},
	year = "2010"
}

@article{ Rapp-2010-JoGR-RismomsCpaifsv,
	author = {Markus Rapp and Irina Strelnikova and Boris Strelnikov and Peter Hoffmann and Martin Friedrich and Jörg Gumbel and Linda Megner and Ulf-Peter Hoppe and Scott Robertson and Scott Knappmiller and Mareile Wolff and Daniel R. Marsh},
	doi = {10.1029/2009jd012725},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	month = {may},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Rocket-borne in situ measurements of meteor smoke: Charging properties and implications for seasonal variation},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009jd012725},
	volume = {115},
	year = "2010"
}

@article{ Rong-2010-JoGRA-VovmwvobtSOfIEiotAoIitMs,
	author = {Pingping Rong and James M. Russell and Larry L. Gordley and Mark E. Hervig and Lance Deaver and Peter F. Bernath and Kaley A. Walker},
	doi = {10.1029/2010jd014269},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {dec},
	number = {D24},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Validation of v1.022 mesospheric water vapor observed by the Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment instrument on the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere satellite},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2010jd014269},
	volume = {115},
	year = "2010"
}

@article{ Russell-2010-JoGR-Rbtsmapmch,
	author = {James M. Russell and Pingping Rong and Scott M. Bailey and Mark E. Hervig and Svetlana V. Petelina},
	doi = {10.1029/2010jd013852},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	month = {aug},
	number = {D16},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Relationship between the summer mesopause and polar mesospheric cloud heights},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2010jd013852},
	volume = {115},
	year = "2010"
}

@article{ Saunders-2010-ACaP-Aaciothinporn,
	abstract = { Abstract. Nanoparticles of iron oxide (crystalline and amorphous), silicon oxide and magnesium oxide were investigated for their propensity to nucleate ice over the temperature range 180u2013250 K, using the AIDA chamber in Karlsruhe, Germany. All samples were observed to initiate ice formation via the deposition mode at threshold ice super-saturations (RHithresh) ranging from 105% to 140% for temperatures below 220 K. Approximately 10% of amorphous Fe2O3 particles (modal diameter = 30 nm) generated in situ from a photochemical aerosol reactor, led to ice nucleation at RHithresh = 140% at an initial chamber temperature of 182 K. Quantitative analysis using a singular hypothesis treatment provided a fitted function [ns(190 K)=10(3.33u00d7sice)+8.16] for the variation in ice-active surface site density (ns:mu22122) with ice saturation (sice) for Fe2O3 nanoparticles. This was implemented in an aerosol-cloud model to determine a predicted deposition (mass accommodation) coefficient for water vapour on ice of 0.1 at temperatures appropriate for the upper atmosphere. Classical nucleation theory was used to determine representative contact angles (u03b8) for the different particle compositions. For the in situ generated Fe2O3 particles, a slight inverse temperature dependence was observed with u03b8 = 10.5u00b0 at 182 K, decreasing to 9.0u00b0 at 200 K (compared with 10.2u00b0 and 11.4u00b0 respectively for the SiO2 and MgO particle samples at the higher temperature). These observations indicate that such refractory nanoparticles are relatively efficient materials for the nucleation of ice under the conditions studied in the chamber which correspond to cirrus cloud formation in the upper troposphere. The results also show that Fe2O3 particles do not act as ice nuclei under conditions pertinent for tropospheric mixed phase clouds, which necessarily form above ~233 K. At the lower temperatures (<150 K) where noctilucent clouds form during summer months in the high latitude mesosphere, higher contact angles would be expected, which may reduce the effectiveness of these particles as ice nuclei in this part of the atmosphere. },
	author = {R. W. Saunders and O. Möhler and M. Schnaiter and S. Benz and R. Wagner and H. Saathoff and P. J. Connolly and R. Burgess and B. J. Murray and M. Gallagher and R. Wills and J. M. C. Plane},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-10-1227-2010},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {feb},
	number = {3},
	pages = {1227--1247},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {An aerosol chamber investigation of the heterogeneous ice nucleating potential of refractory nanoparticles},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-10-1227-2010},
	volume = {10},
	year = "2010"
}

@article{ Stevens-2010-JoGR-Tivopmcaaiwcuadas,
	author = {Michael H. Stevens and David E. Siskind and Stephen D. Eckermann and Lawrence Coy and John P. McCormack and Christoph R. Englert and Karl W. Hoppel and Kim Nielsen and Andrew J. Kochenash and Mark E. Hervig and Cora E. Randall and Jerry Lumpe and Scott M. Bailey and Markus Rapp and Peter Hoffmann},
	doi = {10.1029/2009jd013225},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	month = {sep},
	number = {D18},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Tidally induced variations of polar mesospheric cloud altitudes and ice water content using a data assimilation system},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009jd013225},
	volume = {115},
	year = "2010"
}

@article{ Thomas-2010-ETAGU-MICaIoUACCWoMPMCTBCtD,
	author = {Gary Thomas and Dan Marsh and F.-J. Lübken},
	doi = {10.1029/2010eo200004},
	journal = {Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union},
	number = {20},
	pages = {183},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Mesospheric Ice Clouds as Indicators of Upper Atmosphere Climate Change: Workshop on Modeling Polar Mesospheric Cloud Trends$\mathsemicolon$ Boulder, Colorado, 10{\textendash}11 December 2009},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2010eo200004},
	volume = {91},
	year = "2010"
}

@article{ Bailey-2009-JoAaSP-PfopmciaobtCiotAs,
	author = {Scott M. Bailey and Gary E. Thomas and David W. Rusch and Aimee W. Merkel and Christian D. Jeppesen and Justin N. Carstens and Cora E. Randall and William E. McClintock and James M. Russell},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2008.09.039},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3-4},
	pages = {373--380},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Phase functions of polar mesospheric cloud ice as observed by the {CIPS} instrument on the {AIM} satellite},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2008.09.039},
	volume = {71},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Gordley-2009-AO-HprmbsidorfS,
	author = {Larry Gordley and John Burton and Benjamin T. Marshall and Martin McHugh and Lance Deaver and Joel Nelsen and James M. Russell and Scott Bailey},
	doi = {10.1364/ao.48.004814},
	journal = {Applied Optics},
	month = {aug},
	number = {25},
	pages = {4814},
	publisher = {The Optical Society},
	title = {High precision refraction measurements by solar imaging during occultation: results from {SOFIE}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1364%2Fao.48.004814},
	volume = {48},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Gordley-2009-JoAaSP-Tsofie,
	author = {Larry L. Gordley and Mark E. Hervig and Chad Fish and James M. Russell and Scott Bailey and James Cook and Scott Hansen and Andrew Shumway and Greg Paxton and Lance Deaver and Tom Marshall and John Burton and Brian Magill and Chris Brown and Earl Thompson and John Kemp},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2008.07.012},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3-4},
	pages = {300--315},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {The solar occultation for ice experiment},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2008.07.012},
	volume = {71},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Hartquist2009AaGEpmse,
	author = {Tom Hartquist and Ove Havnes and Meseret Kassa},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1468-4004.2009.50108.x},
	journal = {Astronomy and Geophysics},
	month = {feb},
	number = {1},
	pages = {1.08--1.14},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press ({OUP})},
	title = {Exploring polar mesospheric summer echoes},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-4004.2009.50108.x},
	volume = {50},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Hervig-2009-GRL-FSOoMSitMA,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and Larry L. Gordley and Lance E. Deaver and David E. Siskind and Michael H. Stevens and James M. Russell and Scott M. Bailey and Linda Megner and Charles G. Bardeen},
	doi = {10.1029/2009gl039737},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {sep},
	number = {18},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {First Satellite Observations of Meteoric Smoke in the Middle Atmosphere},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009gl039737},
	volume = {36},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Hervig-2009-JoAaSP-SPodtnso,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and Larry L. Gordley and James M. Russell and Scott M. Bailey},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2008.08.010},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3-4},
	pages = {331--339},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {{SOFIE} {PMC} observations during the northern summer of 2007},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2008.08.010},
	volume = {71},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Hervig-2009-JoAaSP-IoSPmCiadomdpsaps,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and Larry L. Gordley and Michael H. Stevens and James M. Russell and Scott M. Bailey and Gerd Baumgarten},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2008.07.009},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3-4},
	pages = {316--330},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Interpretation of {SOFIE} {PMC} measurements: Cloud identification and derivation of mass density, particle shape, and particle size},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2008.07.009},
	volume = {71},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Hervig-2009-JoGR-RbpmctawvfSOfIESo,
	author = {Mark E. Hervig and Michael H. Stevens and Larry L. Gordley and Lance E. Deaver and James M. Russell and Scott M. Bailey},
	doi = {10.1029/2009jd012302},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	month = {oct},
	number = {D20},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Relationships between polar mesospheric clouds, temperature, and water vapor from Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment ({SOFIE}) observations},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009jd012302},
	volume = {114},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Lübken-2009-JoGRA-Sasceolvomic,
	author = {F.-J. Lübken and U. Berger and G. Baumgarten},
	doi = {10.1029/2009jd012377},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {jan},
	number = {D1},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Stratospheric and solar cycle effects on long-term variability of mesospheric ice clouds},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009jd012377},
	volume = {114},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Lopez-Puertas-2009-JoGRA-MopmciiebM,
	author = {M. L{\'{o}}pez-Puertas and M. Garc{\'{\i}}a-Comas and B. Funke and D. Bermejo-Pantale{\'{o}}n and M. Höpfner and U. Grabowski and G. P. Stiller and T. von Clarmann and C. von Savigny},
	doi = {10.1029/2009jd012548},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	month = {jan},
	number = {D1},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Measurements of polar mesospheric clouds in infrared emission by {MIPAS}/{ENVISAT}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009jd012548},
	volume = {114},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ McClintock-2009-JoAaSP-TciapseotAoIitmmIcdcaop,
	author = {W.E. McClintock and D.W. Rusch and G.E. Thomas and A.W. Merkel and M.R. Lankton and V.A. Drake and S.M. Bailey and J.M. Russell},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2008.10.011},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3-4},
	pages = {340--355},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {The cloud imaging and particle size experiment on the Aeronomy of Ice in the mesosphere mission: Instrument concept, design, calibration, and on-orbit performance},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2008.10.011},
	volume = {71},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Megner-2009-AG-Lmipaeha,
	abstract = { Abstract. We here report on the characteristics of exceptionally high Noctilucent clouds (NLC) that were detected with rocket photometers during the ECOMA/MASS campaign at Andu00f8ya, Norway 2007. The results from three separate flights are shown and discussed in connection to lidar measurements. Both the lidar measurements and the large difference between various rocket passages through the NLC show that the cloud layer was inhomogeneous on large scales. Two passages showed a particularly high, bright and vertically extended cloud, reaching to approximately 88 km. Long time series of lidar measurements show that NLC this high are very rare, only one NLC measurement out of thousand reaches above 87 km. The NLC is found to consist of three distinct layers. All three were bright enough to allow for particle size retrieval by phase function analysis, even though the lowest layer proved too horizontally inhomogeneous to obtain a trustworthy result. Large particles, corresponding to an effective radius of 50 nm, were observed both in the middle and top of the NLC. The present cloud does not comply with the conventional picture that NLC ice particles nucleate near the temperature minimum and grow to larger sizes as they sediment to lower altitudes. Strong up-welling, likely caused by gravity wave activity, is required to explain its characteristics. },
	author = {L. Megner and M. Khaplanov and G. Baumgarten and J. Gumbel and J. Stegman and B. Strelnikov and S. Robertson},
	doi = {10.5194/angeo-27-943-2009},
	journal = {Annales Geophysicae},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3},
	pages = {943--951},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Large mesospheric ice particles at exceptionally high altitudes},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fangeo-27-943-2009},
	volume = {27},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Merkel-2009-ACaP-Otropmciwcpramtaiuimm,
	abstract = { Abstract. The distribution of ice layers in the polar summer mesosphere (called polar mesospheric clouds or PMCs) is sensitive to background atmospheric conditions and therefore affected by global-scale dynamics. To investigate this coupling it is necessary to simulate the global distribution of PMCs within a 3-dimensional (3-D) model that couples large-scale dynamics with cloud microphysics. However, modeling PMC microphysics within 3-D global chemistry climate models (GCCM) is a challenge due to the high computational cost associated with particle following (Lagrangian) or sectional microphysical calculations. By characterizing the relationship between the PMC effective radius, ice water content (iwc), and local temperature (T) from an ensemble of simulations from the sectional microphysical model, the Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres (CARMA), we determined that these variables can be described by a robust empirical formula. The characterized relationship allows an estimate of an altitude distribution of PMC effective radius in terms of local temperature and iwc. For our purposes we use this formula to predict an effective radius as part of a bulk parameterization of PMC microphysics in a 3-D GCCM to simulate growth, sublimation and sedimentation of ice particles without keeping track of the time history of each ice particle size or particle size bin. This allows cost effective decadal scale PMC simulations in a 3-D GCCM to be performed. This approach produces realistic PMC simulations including estimates of the optical properties of PMCs. We validate the relationship with PMC data from the Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE). },
	author = {A. W. Merkel and D. R. Marsh and A. Gettelman and E. J. Jensen},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-9-8889-2009},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {nov},
	number = {22},
	pages = {8889--8901},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {On the relationship of polar mesospheric cloud ice water content, particle radius and mesospheric temperature and its use in multi-dimensional models},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-9-8889-2009},
	volume = {9},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Merkel2009JoAaSPMpweogPvifAaTftnsPs,
	abstract = {Polar Mesospheric Cloud (PMC) observations from the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) instrument on the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) spacecraft are used to investigate the role of planetary wave activity on global PMC variability in the summer polar mesosphere during the 2007 Northern hemisphere season. This is coupled with an analysis of contemporaneous measurements of atmospheric temperature by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument onboard the Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Mesosphere–Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft to characterize the importance of temperature as a dominant forcing mechanism of the dynamical state of the summer polar mesosphere. The study confirms results from a recent study using PMC data from the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) and temperature data from SABER, such that planetary wave activity is present in both PMCs and mesospheric temperature and that are strongly coherent and anti-correlated. The dominant wave present in the polar summer mesosphere in both PMCs and temperature is the 5-day wavenumber 1 Rossby normal mode. The maximum amplitude of the variation of the 5-day wave in temperature is small at 3 K but has a significant effect on PMC albedo. The phase relationship between PMC and temperature is variable between 150° and 180° out of phase, with PMC albedo reaching a maximum ∼10 h before the minimum in temperature. We have identified two additional waves, the westward propagating 2-day wavenumber 2 (2DW2) and the eastward propagating 2-day wavenumber 1 (2DE1) are both present in PMC and temperature variability in the 2007 NH season. The 2DW2 wave is consistent with a Rossby normal mode excited by the instability in the zonal mean zonal wind. However, the source of the 2DE1 wave could be a nonlinear interaction of the 2DW2 with the migrating diurnal tide. This is the first time these two wave features have been detected in coincident PMC and temperature measurements. Analysis of the zonal variation of PMC occurrence and temperature shows they are also anti-correlated and supporting the conclusion that temperature is an important forcing mechanism in zonal variability. },
	author = {Merkel, Aimee and Rusch, David and Palo, Scott and Russell III, James and Bailey, Scott},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2008.12.001},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {03},
	pages = {381-391},
	title = {Mesospheric planetary wave effects on global PMC variability inferred from AIM–CIPS and TIMED–SABER for the northern summer 2007 PMC season},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2009}
}

@article{ Petelina-2009-GRL-TomirftOsb,
	author = {S. V. Petelina and A. Y. Zasetsky},
	doi = {10.1029/2009gl038488},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {aug},
	number = {15},
	pages = {n/a--n/a},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Temperature of mesospheric ice retrieved from the O-H stretch band},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009gl038488},
	volume = {36},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Rusch-2009-JoAaSP-TciapseotaoiitmmCmftns,
	author = {D.W. Rusch and G.E. Thomas and W. McClintock and A.W. Merkel and S.M. Bailey and J.M. Russell and C.E. Randall and C. Jeppesen and M. Callan},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2008.11.005},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3-4},
	pages = {356--364},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {The cloud imaging and particle size experiment on the aeronomy of ice in the mesosphere mission: Cloud morphology for the northern 2007 season},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2008.11.005},
	volume = {71},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Russell-2009-JoAaSP-TAoIitMAmOaesr,
	author = {James M. Russell and Scott M. Bailey and Larry L. Gordley and David W. Rusch and Mih{\'{a}}ly Hor{\'{a}}nyi and Mark E. Hervig and Gary E. Thomas and Cora E. Randall and David E. Siskind and Michael H. Stevens and Michael E. Summers and Michael J. Taylor and Christoph R. Englert and Patrick J. Espy and William E. McClintock and Aimee W. Merkel},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2008.08.011},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3-4},
	pages = {289--299},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {The Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere ({AIM}) mission: Overview and early science results},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2008.08.011},
	volume = {71},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Savigny-2009-AMT-CoNpsdfSowgLmaAtN,
	abstract = { Abstract. SCIAMACHY, the Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY has provided measurements of limb-scattered solar radiation in the 220 nm to 2380 nm wavelength range since summer of 2002. Measurements in the UV spectral range are well suited for the retrieval of particle sizes of noctilucent clouds (NLCs) and have been used to compile the largest existing satellite data base of NLC particle sizes. This paper presents a comparison of SCIAMACHY NLC size retrievals with the extensive NLC particle size data set based on ground-based LIDAR measurements at the Arctic LIDAR Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research (ALOMAR, 69u00b0 N, 16u00b0 E) for the Northern Hemisphere NLC seasons 2003 to 2007. Most of the presented SCIAMACHY NLC particle size retrievals are based on cylindrical particles and a Gaussian particle size distribution with a fixed width of 24 nm. If the differences in spatial as well as vertical resolution between SCIAMACHY and the ALOMAR LIDAR are taken into account, very good agreement is found. The mean particle size derived from SCIAMACHY limb observations for the ALOMAR overpasses in 2003 to 2007 is 56.2 nm with a standard deviation of 12.5 nm, and the LIDAR observations yield a value of 54.2 nm with a standard deviation of 17.4 nm. },
	author = {C. {von Savigny} and C. E. Robert and G. Baumgarten and H. Bovensmann and J. P. Burrows},
	doi = {10.5194/amt-2-523-2009},
	journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
	month = {sep},
	number = {2},
	pages = {523--531},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
	title = {Comparison of {NLC} particle sizes derived from {SCIAMACHY}/Envisat observations with ground-based {LIDAR} measurements at {ALOMAR} (69{\textdegree} N)},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-2-523-2009},
	volume = {2},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Stevens-2009-JoAaSP-TdvopmcfntobS,
	author = {Michael H. Stevens and Christoph R. Englert and Mark Hervig and Svetlana V. Petelina and Werner Singer and Kim Nielsen},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2008.10.009},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {mar},
	number = {3-4},
	pages = {401--407},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {The diurnal variation of polar mesospheric cloud frequency near 55{\textdegree}N observed by {SHIMMER}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2008.10.009},
	volume = {71},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Taylor-2009-JoAaSP-Coarimoncapmse,
	author = {M.J. Taylor and Y. Zhao and P.-D. Pautet and M.J. Nicolls and R.L. Collins and J. Barker-Tvedtnes and C.D. Burton and B. Thurairajah and J. Reimuller and R.H. Varney and C.J. Heinselman and K. Mizutani},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2008.12.005},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	month = {may},
	number = {6-7},
	pages = {675--687},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	title = {Coordinated optical and radar image measurements of noctilucent clouds and polar mesospheric summer echoes},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2008.12.005},
	volume = {71},
	year = "2009"
}

@article{ Zasetsky-2009-GRL-IpgitpsmFtaes,
	author = {A. Y. Zasetsky and S. V. Petelina and R. Remorov and C. D. Boone and P. F. Bernath and E. J. Llewellyn},
	doi = {10.1029/2009gl038727},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {aug},
	number = {15},
	pages = {n/a--n/a},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Ice particle growth in the polar summer mesosphere: Formation time and equilibrium size},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009gl038727},
	volume = {36},
	year = "2009"
}